Induction of cytokine synthesis and fever suppresses REM sleep and improves mood in patients with major depression
Abstract
Beneficial effects of inflammatory events on certain psychiatric disorders, including depression, were reported sporadically by ancient Greek physicians, but have been described also in our times by a few psychiatrists during the past decades. During febrile inflammatory events, mediators of the immune system such as interleukin-1 can be detected in the brain and may act on their respective receptors which have also been demonstrated in the brain. Since cytokines such as interleukin-1 have been shown in animal studies to exert sedative behavioral effects, to be somnogenic, and to induce slow-wave sleep (SWS), we performed a pilot study to evaluate scientifically the anecdotically reported beneficial effects of inflammatory states on depressive disorders. Mood and sleep parameters were monitored in seven drug-free, severely depressed patients before, during, and after the administration of a single dose of endotoxin. All patients responded with a short pulse of increased synthesis of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 and elevated body temperature for several hours. During the night following endotoxin administration, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was significantly suppressed, while changes in slow wave sleep were not significant. During the next day, all patients were in a significantly improved mood; however a rebound of REM sleep was observed in the second night after endotoxin administration and mood worsened again during the next days, indicating an only transient beneficial effect of the treatment.
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In one study, seven severely depressed patients given low-dose lipopolysaccharide showed improved symptoms the next day, when anti-inflammatory cytokine levels were expected to peak.
“In one study, seven severely depressed patients given low-dose lipopolysaccharide showed improved symptoms the next day, when the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines were expected to peak[63].”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [63]
The mood changes in those patients were transient, and their previous conditions returned after several days.
“These mood changes were transient, and the patients’ previous conditions returned after several days.”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Bauer, J., Hohagen, F., Gimmel, E., Bruns, F., Lis, S., Krieger, S., Ambach, W., Guthmann, A., Grunze, H., Fritsch-Montero, R., Weissbach, A., Ganter, U., Frommberger, U., Riemann, D., & Berger, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bauer, Joachim
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 611-621
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2089390421
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, fever, endotoxin, cytokines, interleukin-1, TNF-α, interleukin-6, REM sleep suppression, slow-wave sleep, mood improvement, inflammation and depression, sedation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Bacterial Vaccines, Cells, Cultured, Depressive Disorder, Endotoxins, Female, Fever, Humans, Male, Monocytes, Pilot Projects, Salmonella typhimurium, Sleep, REM, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, Cytokines
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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