Questions raised by the cytokine hypothesis of depression

Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Major Depression

Bremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Anderson, E. R., Staib, L. H., Miller, H. L., & Charney, D. S. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.115 · Cited by 1,670 · see citing works

Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression

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Depression Duration But Not Age Predicts Hippocampal Volume Loss in Medically Healthy Women with Recurrent Major Depression

Sheline, Y. I., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M. A., & Gado, M. H. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-12-05034.1999 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works

Life Events and Illness.

Avison, W. R., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1990) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072630 · Cited by 1,148 · see citing works

Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala in severe depression

Mervaala, E., Föhr, J., Könönen, M., Valkonen‐Korhonen, M., Vainio, P. A., Partanen, K. P. L., Partanen, J. V., Tiihonen, J., Viinamäki, H. T., Karjalainen, A.-M., et al. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799001567 · Cited by 382 · see citing works

Hippocampal volume in primary unipolar major depression: a magnetic resonance imaging study

Vakili, K., Pillay, S. S., Lafer, B., D, M. F. M., Renshaw, P. F., Bonello, C. M., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00296-6 · Cited by 360 · see citing works

The Inhibitory Effect of Interleukin-1β on Long-Term Potentiation Is Coupled with Increased Activity of Stress-Activated Protein Kinases

Vereker, E., O'Donnell, E., & Lynch, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-18-06811.2000 · Cited by 242 · see citing works

Effects of Antidepressant Drugs on the Behavioral and Physiological Responses to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in Rodents

Yirmiya, R. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00226-8 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Elevated levels of serum interleukin-1β in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder

Spivak, B., Shohat, B., Mester, R., Avraham, S., Gil‐Ad, I., Bleich, A., Valevski, A., & Weizman, A. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00375-7 · Cited by 214 · see citing works

Stimulation of malignant growth in rodents by antidepressant drugs at clinically relevant doses.

Brandes, L. J., Arron, R. J., Bogdanovic, R. P., TONG, J. J., Zaborniak, C. L., Hogg, G. R., Warrington, R. C., Fang, W., & LaBella, F. S. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 211 · see citing works

Cytokines and depression: fortuitous or causative association?

Dantzer, R., Wollman, E., Vitkovic, L., & Yirmiya, R. (1999) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000572 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Chronic treatment with the atypical antidepressant tianeptine attenuates sickness behavior induced by peripheral but not central lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1β in the rat

Castanon, N., Bluthé, R.-M., & Dantzer, R. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000595 · Cited by 136 · see citing works

Effects of interleukin-1β and mild stress on alterations of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission: a regional microdialysis study

Merali, Z., Lacosta, S., & Anisman, H. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00312-0 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Differential effect of chronic antidepressant treatments on lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavioural symptoms in the rat

Shen, Y., Connor, T. J., Nolan, Y. M., Kelly, J. P., & Leonard, B. E. (1999) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00430-0 · Cited by 130 · see citing works

Cytokine production in major depressed patients before and after clomipramine treatment

Weizman, R., Laor, N., Podliszewski, E., Notti, I., Djaldetti, M., & Bessler, H. (1994) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)91166-5 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

First and second phases of biphasic fever: two sequential stages of the sickness syndrome?

Romanovsky, A. A., KULCHITSKY, V. A., Акулич, Н. В., KOULCHITSKY, S. V., Simons, C. T., Sessler, D. I., & Gourine, V. N. (1996) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.1.r244 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Behavioral effects of lipopolysaccharide in rats: involvement of endogenous opioids

Yirmiya, R., Rosen, H., Donchin, O., & Ovadia, H. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91908-9 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Intrusive thoughts and avoidance behaviors are associated with sleep disturbances in bereavement-related depression

Hall, M. H., Buysse, D. J., Dew, M. A., Prigerson, H. G., Kupfer, D. J., & Reynolds, C. F. (1997) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6394(1997)6:3 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Mood and cognitive disorders in cancer patients receiving cytokine therapy.

Meyers, C. A. (1999) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Cognitive functioning in cancer patients

Meyers, C. A., & Abbruzzese, J. L. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.2.434 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Cross-Sensitization Between Immune And Non-Immune Stressors

Tilders, J. H., & Schmidt, E. D. (1999) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_11 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Induction of cytokine synthesis and fever suppresses REM sleep and improves mood in patients with major depression

Bauer, J., Hohagen, F., Gimmel, E., Bruns, F., Lis, S., Krieger, S., Ambach, W., Guthmann, A., Grunze, H., Fritsch-Montero, R., et al. (1995) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00374-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Memory Disorders in Psychiatric Practice

Berríos, G. E. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511530197 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Light Treatment in Depressive Illness

Dietzel, M., Saletu, B., Lesch, O. M., Sieghart, W., & Schjerve, M. (2008) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000116089 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Comparative, behavioural and electrocortical effects of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1 microinjected into the locus coeruleus of rat

Sarro, G. D., Gareri, P., Sinopoli, V. A., David, E., & Rotiroti, D. (1997) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00692-3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Stress, Depression, and The Role of Cytokines

Leonard, B. E., & Song, C. (1999) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-37970-8_14 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Interleukin-1 induces changes in sleep, brain temperature, and serotonergic metabolism

Gemma, C., Imeri, L., Simoni, M. G. D., & Mancia, M. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.2.r601 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

The effect of sleep deprivation on memory and psychomotor function in healthy volunteers

Quigley, N., Green, J. F., Morgan, D., Idzikowski, C., & King, D. J. (2000) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(200004)15:3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Reversible neurotoxicity of interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor: correlation of SPECT with neuropsychological testing

Meyers, C. A., Valentine, A. D., Wong, F. C., & Leeds, N. E. (1994) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.6.3.285 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Influence of acute tryptophan depletion on mood and immune measures in healthy males

Ravindran, A. V., Griffiths, J., Merali, Z., Knott, V., & Anisman, H. (1999) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00040-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Interleukin-1β and calcitonin, but not corticotropin-releasing factor, alter sleep cycles when injected into the rat hypothalamic lateral paraventricular area

Slisli, Y., & de Beaurepaire, R. (1999) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00192-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Memory in functional psychosis

McKenna, P. J., McKay, A., & Laws, K. R. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511530197.012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Cytokines and major depression

Schiepers, O. J. G., Wichers, M. C., & Maes, M. (2005) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.003 · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works

Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction?

McCann, J. C., & Ames, B. N. (2007) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.07-9326rev · Cited by 409 · see citing works

A potential role for pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulating synaptic plasticity in major depressive disorder

Khairova, R. A., Machado-Vieira, R., Du, J., & Manji, H. K. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145709009924 · Cited by 350 · see citing works

Structural and synaptic plasticity in stress-related disorders

Christoffel, D. J., Golden, S. A., & Russo, S. J. (2011) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/rns.2011.044 · Cited by 334 · see citing works

Effects of cytokines and infections on brain neurochemistry

Dunn, A. J. (2006) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.cnr.2006.04.002 · Cited by 336 · see citing works

Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness?

Jeon, S. W., & Kim, Y. K. (2016) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i3.283 · Cited by 247 · see citing works

Cytokines and serotonin transporter in patients with major depression

Tsao, C.-W., Lin, Y.-S., Chen, C.-C., Bai, C., & Wu, S.-R. (2006) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.029 · Cited by 210 · see citing works

Inflammatory cytokine-associated depression

Lotrich, F. E. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.06.032 · Cited by 183 · see citing works

REVIEW: Biological risk factors for late life depression

Tiemeier, H. W. (2003) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1023/a:1025388203548 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Interleukin-6 levels and HPA axis activation in breast cancer patients with major depressive disorder

Soygür, H., Palaoǧlu, Ö., Akarsu, E. S., Cankurtaran, E. Ş., Özalp, E., Turhan, L., & Ayhan, I. H. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.05.001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Strategies, Development, and Pitfalls of Therapeutic Options for Alzheimer's Disease

Haas, C. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110986 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Depression, cytokines, and glial function

Miller, D. B., & O'Callaghan, J. P. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.01.011 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

IL-4/10 prevents stress vulnerability following imipramine discontinuation

Han, A., Yeo, H.-L., Park, M.-J., Kim, S. H., Choi, H. J., Hong, C.-W., & Kwon, M. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0416-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Late-life depression and Alzheimer's disease: The glutamatergic system inside of this mirror relationship

Frisardi, V., Panza, F., & Farooqui, A. A. (2011) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.04.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Low T3 syndrome in psychiatric depression

PREMACHANDRA, B. N., Kabir, M. A., & Williams, I. K. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03344150 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Chronic blockade of glucocorticoid receptors by RU486 enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviour and cytokine production in rats

Wang, D., Lin, W., Pan, Y., KUANG, X.-Y., Qi, X., & Sun, H. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.011 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Depressive symptoms in outpatients with heart failure: Importance of inflammatory biomarkers, disease severity and personality

Brouwers, C. J., Kupper, N. H. M., Pelle, A. J. M., Szabó, B. M., Westerhuis, B. W. J. J. M., & Denollet, J. (2013) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2013.869813 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Depression has a Strong Relationship to Alterations in the Immune, Endocrine and Neural System

Hestad, K. A., Aukrust, P., Tønseth, S., & Reitan, S. K. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340009789542105 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Differences in depressive thoughts between major depressive disorder, IFN-α-induced depression, and depressive disorders among cancer patients

Pasquini, M., Speca, A., Mastroeni, S., Chiaie, R. D., Sternberg, C. N., & Biondi, M. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.01.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Role of Inflammation in Psychiatric Disorders

Jeon, S. W., Yoon, H.-K., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_24 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Association of reduced serum EGF and leptin levels with the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder: A case-control study

Sohan, M., Qusar, M. S., Shahriar, M., Islam, S. M. A., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Islam, M. R. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288159 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Behavioral Interventions: Immunologic Mediators and Disease Outcomes

Antoni, M. H., Schneiderman, N., & Penedo, F. J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50038-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Chronic pain and depression: twin burdens of adaptation

Puymbroeck, C. M. V., Zautra, A., & Harakas, P.-P. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544293.008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Neuroimmune Mediators: Are Cytokines Mediators of Depression?

de Beaurepaire, R., Swiergiel, A. H., & Dunn, A. J. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9783527619672.ch22 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Duloxetine protected indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury by increasing serotonin-dependent RANTES expression and activating PI3K-AKT-VEGF pathway

Ding, H., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., Ye, F., Yao, K., Cao, L., Liu, Z., Wang, G., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2024.116950 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Depressive Disorders: Prevalence, Costs, and Theories

Grosso, C., Valentão, P., & Andrade, P. B. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14021-6_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Neurobiología de la depresión

Sequeira‐Cordero, A., & Trías, J. F. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Research trends and hotspots of electroacupuncture for depression: a bibliometric and visual analysis (2005–2025)

Feng, X., Wang, Q., & Wu, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1749844 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Immune Activity and Psychopathology

Daruna, J. H. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-382049-5.00010-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Behavioural Mechanisms for Defence Against Pathogens

Larson, S. J., & Dunn, A. J. (2005) · Neuroimmune biology · doi:10.1016/s1567-7443(05)80022-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Depression and Medical Illness in Late Life

Mezuk, B. R., & Gallo, J. J. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199796816.003.0016 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Depressieve stemmingsklachten bij ouderen

Garenfeld, W. (2008) · Tijdschrift voor VerpleeghuisGeneeskunde · doi:10.1007/bf03078567

Low T 3 syndrome in psychiatric depression

Kurtis, E. (2006)

Sex-dependent role of interleukin-1 signaling in emotional and cognitive behaviors in mice: Phenotyping male and female 1L1-R1 null mutant mice

Johnson, J. A. (2015)

Nutritional factors of vascular depression

Payne, M. E. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/bfv8-dz73

Immune Activity and Psychopathology

Daruna, J. H. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012203456-5/50011-0

The involvement of cytokines in the prophylactic effect of duloxetine on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcerPreprint

Ding, H., Wang, Y., Gao, Y., Ye, F., Yao, K., Cao, L., Liu, Z., Wang, G., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3793020/v1

Approche éthologique des modifications émotionnelles induites par les processus inflammatoires chez la souris domestique

Renault, J. (2008) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bb0bebebzaaaaz4aa0z962aza9ae1033fff7

Network Pharmacology Reveals the Potential Mechanism of Ketamine in Improving Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Depression

Yang, L., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Yao, K., Chen, X., Tian, H., & Zhuo, C. (2026) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap56752

Integrating the monoamine and cytokine hypotheses of depression: Is histamine the missing link?

Hersey, M., Hashemi, P., & Reagan, L. P. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15392 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

The Cytokines and Depression Hypothesis: An Evaluation

Dunn, A. J. (2008) · Neuroimmune biology · doi:10.1016/s1567-7443(07)10023-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness?

Jeon, S. W., & Kim, Y. K. (2016) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i3.283 · Cited by 247 · see citing works

Cytokines, stress and depressive illness: Brain-immune interactions.

Anisman, H., & Merali, Z. (2003) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890310004075 · Cited by 302 · see citing works

Cytokines, Stress, and Depression

Faith, R. E., Murgo, A. J., Good, R. A., & Plotnikoff, N. P. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420003802-17