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A validation study of the Whitely Index, the Illness Attitude Scales, and the Somatosensory Amplification Scale in general medical and general practice patients
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Whitely Index (WI), the Illness Attitude Scales (IAS), and the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SAS). The study population consisted of 130 general medical outpatients, 113 general practice patients, and 204 subjects from the general population. The factorial structure of the IAS appeared to consist of two subscales, namely Health Anxiety and Illness Behaviour. The internal consistency and stability of the three questionnaires were satisfactory, and their scores were highly intercorrelated. Scores on the WI and Health Anxiety subscale of the IAS declined significantly from general medical outpatients, through general practice patients to subjects from the general population. This might imply that medical care utilisation is related to hypochondriasis. A prospective study is needed to determine whether health anxiety contributes to the decision to seek medical care or the consultation of a general practitioner or consultant gives rise to worry about possible illness.
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“All three measures have been psychometrically validated and shown good reliability [66, 67].”
From Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions (2024) · cites this paper as [67]
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“When we quantified those relationships using logistic regression (Table 2) we found that, in univariate analysis adjusted for age and gender, participants scoring in the highest third of the Illness Behaviour Scale were seven times more likely to develop IBS, whilst scoring in the top-third of the Estimation of Sleep…”
InfluentialGreeven, A., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Visser, S., Merkelbach, J. W., van Rood, Y. R., van Dyck, R., Van der Does, A. J. W., Zitman, F. G., & Spinhoven, P. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.91 · Cited by 183
Self-citationThewes, B., Meiser, B., & Hickie, I. B. (2001) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.533 · Cited by 165
“Test-retest reliability amongst medical outpatients was reported to be 0.90 (Pearson’s) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s ) was reported to be 0.80 (Speckens et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVandvik, P. O., Wilhelmsen, I., Ihlebæk, C., & Farup, P. G. (2004) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02250.x · Cited by 160
Risk factors for persistent chronic widespread pain: a community-based study
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“In this solution, there were seven items that loaded on the single general factor; Speckens et al. (1996) found a similar solution.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe treatment of hypochondriasis: exposure plus response prevention vs cognitive therapy.
Visser, S., & Bouman, T. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00022-x · Cited by 147
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Dimensional and categorical approaches to hypochondriasis
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“Similar to our results, Speckens et al. (1996b) found that hypochondriacal disorder, as assessed according to the former DSM-III in general medical outpatients, was best discriminated by the IAS health anxiety scale (sensitivity 79%, specificity 84”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHypochondriasis and health anxiety in the German population
Bleichhardt, G. M., & Hiller, W. F. A. (2007) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910706x146034 · Cited by 133
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“Both the original 9 scales and the 2-factor version, identified by Speckens et al. [”
MethodTest of an Interpersonal Model of Hypochondriasis
Noyes, R., Stuart, S. P., Langbehn, D. R., Happel, R. L., Longley, S. L., Muller, B. A., & Yagla, S. J. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000058377.50240.64 · Cited by 130
“The items belonging to this scale form a single factor that has shown good internal consistency ( 32 ).”
BackgroundWatt, M. C., & Stewart, S. H. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00097-0 · Cited by 129
Psychotherapies for hypochondriasis
Thomson, A., & Page, L. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006520.pub2 · Cited by 141
Clinical application of somatosensory amplification in psychosomatic medicine
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“Conclusion A total of 50 English-language articles[8,10,11,1315,20,22-29,33-55,57-68] were identified using the text words "somatosensory amplification" through a MEDLINE search from 1966 to April 2007.”
Hedman, E., Axelsson, E., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., & Ljótsson, B. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.181396 · Cited by 119
van der Veek, P. P. J., van Rood, Y. R., & Masclee, A. (2008) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.12.005 · Cited by 119
HowNutsAreTheDutch (HoeGekIsNL): A crowdsourcing study of mental symptoms and strengths
van der Krieke, L., Jeronimus, B. F., Blaauw, F. J., Wanders, R. B. K., Emerencia, A. C., Schenk, H., de Vos, S., Snippe, E., Wichers, M., Wigman, J. T. W., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1495 · Cited by 119
Sharpe, M., Stone, J., Hibberd, C., Warlow, C., Duncan, R., Coleman, R. J., Roberts, R., Cull, R. E., Pelosi, A. J., Cavanagh, J., et al. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990717 · Cited by 117
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Conradt, M., Cavanagh, M., Franklin, J., & Rief, W. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.07.003 · Cited by 104
“[16] based on investigations using three different samples.”
MethodA Taxometric Study of Hypochondriasis Symptoms
Longley, S. L., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Calamari, J. E., Noyes, R., Wade, M., & Orlando, C. M. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.02.002 · Cited by 103
Hedman, E., Axelsson, E., Görling, A., Ritzman, C., Ronnheden, M., Alaoui, S. E., Andersson, E., Lekander, M., & Ljótsson, B. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.140913 · Cited by 103
Feeling your body or feeling badly
Aronson, K. R., Barrett, L. F., & Quigley, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00216-1 · Cited by 101
Hedman, E., Andersson, E., Lindefors, N., Andersson, G., Rück, C., & Ljótsson, B. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001079 · Cited by 98
“The Illness Attitude Scale (IAS; Speckens et al. 1996) and the Whiteley Index (WI; Pilowsky 1967) were used as secondary measures of health anxiety.”
MethodThe Relationship of Hypochondriasis to Anxiety, Depressive, and Somatoform Disorders
Scarella, T. M., Laferton, J. A. C., Ahern, D. K., Fallon, B. A., & Barsky, A. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2015.10.006 · Cited by 93
“Hypochondriacal symptoms were assessed with the Whitely Index, a 14-item self-report questionnaire with high reliability and validity (30-32).”
MethodDoes chronic pain predict future psychological distress?
McBeth, J., Macfarlane, G. J., & Silman, A. J. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00452-3 · Cited by 94
“A recent study (Speckens et al., 1996) based on a principal components analysis demonstrated that the IAS measure two dimensions reflecting ‘health anxiety’ and ‘illness behaviour’.”
Childhood Antecedents Of Hypochondriasis
Noyes, R., Stuart, S., Langbehn, D. R., Happel, R. L., Longley, S. L., & Yagla, S. J. (2002) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.43.4.282 · Cited by 92
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Adams, K. L., Edwards, A., Peart, C., Ellett, L., Mendes, I., Bird, G., & Murphy, J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104754 · Cited by 90
Measuring health anxiety: Moving past the dichotomous response option of the original Whiteley Index
Welch, P. G., Carleton, R. N., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.05.006 · Cited by 88
“, 1999); model 2, a unitary model with 14-items (Speckens et al., 1996); model 3, a 2-factor 6-itemmodel (Asmundson et al.”
BackgroundMethodSpeckens, A. E. M., van Hemert, A. M., Spinhoven, P., & Bolk, J. H. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700035418 · Cited by 87
Self-citationFrequency and recency of infection and their relationship with disgust and contamination sensitivity
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Wolfe, F., Walitt, B. T., Katz, R. S., & Häuser, W. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088740 · Cited by 83
“The 14-item Whitely index [53] has been used (and recommended by DSM authors) as a method to assess disproportionate and excessive features.”
MethodSomatosensory amplification – An old construct from a new perspective
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Psychopathology and Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation: Implications for Therapy
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Is Alexithymia a Risk Factor for Unexplained Physical Symptoms in General Medical Outpatients?
Kooiman, C. G., Bolk, J. H., Brand, R., Trijsburg, R. W., & Rooijmans, H. G. M. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200011000-00005 · Cited by 82
“The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and discriminating validity of this questionnaire are all good (44, 45).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHealth Anxiety and Disability Pension Award: The HUSK Study
Mykletun, A., Heradstveit, O., Eriksen, K., Glozier, N., Øverland, S., Mæland, J. G., & Wilhelmsen, I. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31819cc772 · Cited by 76
“Fourth, comparing the effects of general anxiety (27) with health anxiety (25), the latter is based on more items.”
BackgroundStewart, S. H., & Watt, M. C. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00207-1 · Cited by 81
Davies, K. A., Silman, A. J., Macfarlane, G. J., Nicholl, B. I., Dickens, C. M., Morriss, R. K., Ray, D. W., & McBeth, J. (2008) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.07.003 · Cited by 77
“Speckens et al. (1996) conducted a principal components analysis and reported that the IAS consists of two main subscales: Health anxiety and illness behaviour.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPredictors of quality of life and functional impairment in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Jacoby, R. J., Leonard, R. C., Riemann, B. C., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.03.011 · Cited by 81
“The WI demonstrates adequate internal consistency and stability [60].”
BackgroundHedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Lekander, M., Ljótsson, B., Lindefors, N., Rück, C., Andersson, G., & Andersson, E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123412 · Cited by 80
“The HAI is thus the most recently developed scale of the three and is based on a cognitive-behavioural model of health anxiety whereas the WI and IAS were developed using a descriptive approach, but all three measures have been shown to have high reliability [6, 8, 9].”
BackgroundCognitive and Behavioural Treatment of Hypochondriasis
Bouman, T. K., & Visser, S. (1998) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000012283 · Cited by 75
Somatosensory Amplification and Its Relationship to Heartbeat Detection Ability
Mailloux, J., & Brener, J. M. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00020 · Cited by 74
“Consistent with previous research (3, 23 , 39), the present experiment found no relationship between gender and somatosensory amplification.”
MethodResultSomatizing frequent attenders in primary health care
Jyväsjärvi, S., Joukamaa, M. I., Väisänen, E., Larivaara, P., Kivelä, S., & Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00217-8 · Cited by 72
Psychotherapies for hypochondriasis
Thomson, A., & Page, L. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006520 · Cited by 71
Dessel, N. C.-V., van der Wouden, J. C., Dekker, J., & van der Horst, H. E. (2016) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.01.004 · Cited by 68
“…Rush et al., 2003)), number and severity of symptoms (Physical Symptom Questionnaire, PSQ (van Hemert, 2003)), health anxiety (Whitely Index, WI (Speckens et al., 1996a)), illness perceptions (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, brief IPQ(de Raaij et al., 2012)) and cognitions and coping…”
BackgroundAsmundson, G. J. G., Taylor, S., Nicholas Carleton, R., Weeks, J. W., & Hadjstavropoulos, H. D. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.11.009 · Cited by 67
Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Frombach, I. K., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00159-4 · Cited by 67
A randomized controlled trial of medication and cognitive-behavioral therapy for hypochondriasis
Fallon, B. A., Ahern, D. K., Pavlicova, M., Slavov, I., Skritskya, N., & Barsky, A. J. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16020189 · Cited by 65
“Hypochondriacal symptoms were assessed with the Whiteley Index (24, 25) and the H-YBOCS-M (20).”
McBeth, J. (2003) · British journal of rheumatology · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg399 · Cited by 66
Alexithymia Does Not Predict the Persistence of Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms
Kooiman, C. G., Bolk, J. H., Rooijmans, H. G. M., & Trijsburg, R. W. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000116714.38868.06 · Cited by 65
“Hypochondriac preoccupation was measured using the Whiteley Index (WI) (51, 52), which has been translated into Dutch by Speckens et al. ( 53 ).”
MethodSelf-citationBailey, R., & Adrian Wells, A. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.05.005 · Cited by 70
Halder, S. L. S., McBeth, J., Silman, A. J., Thompson, D. G., & Macfarlane, G. J. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.6.1219 · Cited by 65
Hypochondriasis and fear of death
NOYES, R., STUART, S., LONGLEY, S. L., LANGBEHN, D. R., & HAPPEL, R. L. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200208000-00002 · Cited by 64
“, fear of illness, disease, pain, and death) (Dammen et al., 1999; Hadjistavropoulos et al., 1999; Speckens et al., 1996; Stewart and Watt, 2000).”
BackgroundHoedeman, R., Blankenstein, A. H., Krol, B., Koopmans, P. C., & Groothoff, J. W. (2010) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-010-9239-3 · Cited by 64
“Higher levels of health anxiety are related to less symptom recovery after 1 year [22].”
BackgroundVedsted, P., Fink, P., Sørensen, H. T., & Olesen, F. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.027 · Cited by 61
Reliability and validity of the Turkish form of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale
Güleç, H., & Sayar, K. (2007) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01606.x · Cited by 64
“Speckens et al.(17) had reported α coefficient to be 0.”
BackgroundInfluentialJohansson, P. A., Farup, P. G., Bracco, A., & Vandvik, P. O. (2010) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-10-31 · Cited by 60
“Health anxiety was measured by Whitley index (score range 14-60) and neuroticism by EPQ-10 (score range 0-10) [13-15].”
MethodDimensions of hypochondriasis and the five-factor model of personality
Cox, B. J., Borger, S. C., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. J. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00180-4 · Cited by 60
Psychological Distress as a Predictor of Frequent Attendance in Family Practice: A Cohort Study
Vedsted, P., Fink, P., Olesen, F., & Munk‐Jørgensen, P. (2001) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.5.416 · Cited by 58
Memory bias in patients with hypochondriasis and somatoform pain disorder
Pauli, P., & Alpers, G. W. (2002) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00295-1 · Cited by 57
Assessment of somatoform disorders: a review of strategies and instruments
Hiller, W., & Janča, A. (2003) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2003.00031.x · Cited by 56
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Self-citationPrimary care consultation predictors in men and women: a cohort study.
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The Illness/Injury Sensitivity Index: an examination of construct validity
Carleton, R. N., Park, I., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20138 · Cited by 54
“The internal validity, construct validity, and reliability of the IAS have been well documented [Kellner, 1986; Speckens et al., 1996].”
BackgroundSomatoform Disorder in Primary Care: Course and the Need for Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
Arnold, I. A., de Waal, M. W. M., Eekhof, J. A., & van Hemert, A. M. (2006) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.47.6.498 · Cited by 54
Blankenstein, A. H., van der Horst, H. E., Schilte, A. F., de Vries, D., Zaat, J. O. M., Knottnerus, J. A., van Eijk, J. T. M., & de Haan, M. (2002) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(01)00199-9 · Cited by 53
“The health anxiety dimension of the illness attribution scales [37,38] was measured, to assess if GPs applied the component ‘dealing with persistent illness worries’ to those patients who showed high levels of health anxiety (above the 50th percentile of the study population).”
MethodA scale for measuring hygiene behavior: Development, reliability and validity
Stevenson, R. J., Case, T. I., Hodgson, D. M., Porzig-Drummond, R., Barouei, J., & Oaten, M. (2009) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2009.01.003 · Cited by 53
Bailey, R., & Adrian Wells, A. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.01.002 · Cited by 56
“T The measure has good psychometric properties including retest reliability ( r =.81) (Pilowsky, 1967), and concurrent validity (Hiller, Rief, & Fichter, 2002; Speckens et al., 1996).”
Carstensen, T. B. W., Ørnbøl, E., Fink, P., Pedersen, M. M., Jørgensen, T., Dantoft, T. M., Benros, M. E., & Frostholm, L. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110245 · Cited by 51
Smits, F. T., Brouwer, H. J., Zwinderman, A. H., Mohrs, J., Schene, A. H., van Weert, H. C. P. M., & ter Riet, G. (2014) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.08.003 · Cited by 58
“The validated subscale for ‘health anxiety’ consists of eleven items on five-point scales [23,24].”
BackgroundSomatization and Health Anxiety as Predictors of Health Care Use
Tomenson, B., McBeth, J., Chew-Graham, C. A., MacFarlane, G., Davies, I., Jackson, J., Littlewood, A., & Creed, F. H. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31825cb140 · Cited by 51
“The Whiteley Index is a 14-item measure of health anxiety (32).”
BackgroundBot, A. G. J., Vranceanu, A., Herndon, J. H., & Ring, D. (2012) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2436-y · Cited by 51
“The Whiteley Index is a validated score to measure heightened illness concern [2, 24, 34].”
BackgroundSpeckens, A. E. M., Spinhoven, P., van Hemert, A. M., & Bolk, J. H. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799002378 · Cited by 50
“Although Barsky et al. (1990a) found that hypochondriacal patients had higher SSAS scores than non-hypochondriacal patients, a later study did not confirm this (Speckens et al. 1996b).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAccurate heartbeat perception in panic disorder: fact and artefact
van der Does, W. A. J., van Dyck, R., & Spinhoven, P. (1997) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(96)01414-0 · Cited by 52
Self-citationHedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Andersson, G., & Lindefors, N. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.496460 · Cited by 49
Speckens, A. E. M., van Hemert, A. M., Bolk, J. H., Hawton, K. E., & Rooijmans, H. G. M. (1995) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00024-9 · Cited by 47
Self-citationGupta, A., McBeth, J., Macfarlane, G. J., Morriss, R. K., Dickens, C. M., Ray, D. W., Chiu, Y. H., & Silman, A. J. (2006) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2006.054650 · Cited by 46
Health anxiety and characteristics of self-initiated general practitioner consultations
Conroy, R. M., Smyth, O., Siriwardena, R., & Fernandes, P. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(98)00066-x · Cited by 46
“[12] reported that health anxiety scores declined significantly in general medical out-patients, including general practice patients and subjects from the general population.”
BackgroundA prospective cohort study of arm pain in primary care and physiotherapy--prognostic determinants
Ryall, C., Coggon, D., Peveler, R., Poole, J., & Palmer, K. (2006) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kel320 · Cited by 46
Lee, J. E., Watson, D., & Frey‐Law, L. A. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00249.x · Cited by 45
“The SSAS demonstrates adequate validity and reliability, with an internal consistency of 0.82, test–retest reliability (~74 days) of 0.79 (Barsky et al., 1990) and good discriminant validity (Speckens et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBrain sensitization to external and internal stimuli
Ursin, H. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.008 · Cited by 45
IJff, M. A., Huijbregts, K. M. L., van Marwijk, H., Beekman, A. T. F., Roijen, L. H., Rutten, F., Unützer, J., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2007) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-34 · Cited by 48
“Somatoform disorder, as measured with the Lichamelijke Klachten Vragenlijst: Bodily Complaints Questionnaire (LKV; assessing the number and intensity of functional somatic complaints a patient is experiencing) [65], the Screening for Somatoform Symptoms-7 (SOMS-7; measuring possible comorbid somatoform disorder) [66],…”
Arnold, I. A., de Waal, M. W. M., Eekhof, J. A., Assendelft, W. J., Spinhoven, P., & van Hemert, A. M. (2009) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70845-x · Cited by 44
Self-citationKoskela, T., Ryynänen, O., & Soini, E. J. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.3109/02813431003690596 · Cited by 44
“Beck ’ s Depression Inventory (BDI) [15], Sense of Coherence (SOC-13) [16], generic 15D quality of life instrument [17], Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS20) [18], Symptom Checklist (SCL) for the somatization part [19], Whitely Index [20], and the measurements for patient satisfaction [21], fear of death, 1 and alcohol c…”
MethodA general population study of the Chinese Whiteley-7 Index in Hong Kong
Lee, S., Ng, K. L., Ma, Y. L., Tsang, A., & Kwok, K. P. S. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.05.013 · Cited by 44
Metadata
- Authors
- Speckens, A. E. M., Spinhoven, P., Sloekers, P. P. A., Bolk, J. H., & van Hemert, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Speckens, Anne E.M.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 95-104
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028552158
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- health anxiety, illness behavior, questionnaire validation, reliability statistics, general practice patients, psychosomatic symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude to Health, Family Practice, Female, Health Services, Humans, Hypochondriasis, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies
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