Tyrosine reverses a cold-induced working memory deficit in humans
Abstract
Acute exposure to cold stress has been shown to impair short-term, or working, memory, which may be related to reduction in, or disruption of, sustained release of brain catecholamines. Administering a supplemental dose of the catecholamine precursor tyrosine may alleviate cold stress-induced memory impairments by preventing cold-induced deficits in brain catecholamine levels. The present experiment determined whether administration of tyrosine would prevent a cold-induced working memory deficit, using a computer-based delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) memory task. Eight male volunteers performed the DMTS task for 30 min at an ambient temperature of either 4 degrees C (cold) or 22 degrees C following a 30-min preexposure period and 2 h after ingesting 150 mg/kg of L-tyrosine or placebo. Subjects demonstrated a decline in matching accuracy on the DMTS task as delay interval increased, such that matching accuracy following a 16-s delay between sample and comparison stimuli was lower than that following a delay of 2 or 8 s. Consistent with previous research, and relative to 22 degrees C exposure sessions, matching accuracy during 4 degrees C exposure sessions was reduced significantly following placebo administration, which is attributed to the effect of cold exposure on short-term, or working, memory. Administration of tyrosine significantly improved matching accuracy at the longest delay interval most affected by cold exposure, such that matching accuracy in the cold following tyrosine was at the same level as matching accuracy following placebo or tyrosine administration at 22 degrees C. Tyrosine administered prior to 22 degrees C exposure had no effect on DMTS performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Three studies found superior working memory scores in the tyrosine group under physical stress from cold exposure.
“Three of these studies observed superior scores of the tyrosine group on tests of working memory under physical stress as elicited by exposure to cold temperatures (O' Brien et al., 2007;Mahoney et al., 2007;Shurtleff et al., 1994).”
From Behavioral and cognitive effects of tyrosine intake in healthy human adults (2015) · cites this paper as Shurtleff et al., 1994
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MethodDEVELOPMENT AND BIOMEDICAL TESTING OF MILITARY OPERATIONAL RATIONS
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“It is sensitive to effects of acute stress and fatigue (Shurtleff et al., 1994; Lieberman et al., 2002; Mahoney et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCold Stress: Effects on Performance and Health
Holmér, I., Hassi, J., Ikäheimo, T. M., & Jaakkola, J. J. K. (2012) · Patty's Toxicology · doi:10.1002/0471435139.tox097.pub2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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“Each afternoon after completion of a physical testing battery, subjects completed a neurocognitive test battery consisting of two tests: Match to Sample (MATCH) to assess short-term spatial memory (Shurtleff et al., 1994; Lieberman et al., 2002, 2014), and Grammatical Reasoning (GRAM) was adapted from the Baddeley Gra…”
MethodNutra-ergonomics: influence of nutrition on physical employment standards and the health of workers
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“In addition, Shurtleff et al. (1994) demonstrated that administration of tyrosine significantly improved matching accuracy in cold.”
BackgroundKinetics of tyrosine transport and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia
Wiesel, F. ‐., Edman, G., Flyckt, L., ERIKSSON, A., Nyman, H., Venizelos, N., & Bjerkenstedt, L. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In healthy persons, cold or noise stress impairs performance in cognitive tests, which could be prevented by the administration of tyrosine before the stress is triggered (Shurtleff et al., 1994; Deijen et al., 1999).”
BackgroundCatecholaminergic modulation of the cost of cognitive control in healthy older adults
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“A number of studies have examined the effects of tyrosine on human performance during stress (Banderet and Lieberman, 1989; Shurtleff et al., 1994; Dollins et al., 1995; Shukitt et al., 1996), and Lieberman has TABLE II Baseline and recovery night polysomnographic data”
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Support for limited brain availability of tyrosine in patients with schizophrenia
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“Studies with experimental animals (Tam and Roth, 1997) and human subjects (Deutsch et al., 1994; Diamond, 1994 ; Griffiths et al., 1995 ; Shurtleff et al., 1994 ; Welsh et al., 1990) have shown that variations in brain tyrosine levels may influence brain function.”
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Optimal Composition of Fluid‐Replacement Beverages
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“Acute tyrosine administration was also associated with improvements on memory and psychomotor task performance during extended wakefulness (342) and cold exposure (354, 448) in healthy young adults.”
Palinkas, L. A., Reedy, K. R., Smith, M., Anghel, M., Steel, G. D., Reeves, D., Shurtleff, D., Case, H. S., Do, N. V., & Reed, H. L. (2007) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v66i5.18312 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Shurtleff and colleagues (26) demonstrated in humans that pretreatment with 150 mg/kg tyrosine reverses cold-related declines in performance on a delayed matchingto-sample task.”
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BackgroundEffects of Fatigue on Cognitive Performance in Long-Duration Simulated Flight Missions
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MethodA Hydrolyzed Chicken Extract CMI-168 Enhances Learning and Memory in Middle-Aged Mice
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- Authors
- Shurtleff, D., Thomas, J. R., Schrot, J., Kowalski, K., & Harford, R.
- Affiliations
- Naval Medical Research Command (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shurtleff, David
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-04
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 935-941
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049053055
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Naval Research
- U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Thermal Regulation in Medicine
- Keywords
- tyrosine, cold stress, working memory, short-term memory, catecholamines, norepinephrine, delayed matching-to-sample, memory impairment, stress response, blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Brain, Cold Temperature, Dopamine, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Norepinephrine, Skin Temperature, Tyrosine
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