The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive ability patterns
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mental Rotations, a Group Test of Three-Dimensional Spatial Visualization
Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.47.2.599 · Cited by 2,620
PHOENIX, C. H., GOY, R. W., GERALL, A. A., & YOUNG, W. C. (1959) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-65-3-369 · Cited by 1,934
Neural Gonadal Steroid Actions
McEwen, B. S. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6259728 · Cited by 438
The relationship between androgen levels and human spatial abilities
Shute, V. J., Pellegrino, J. W., Hubert, L., & Reynolds, R. W. (1983) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03330010 · Cited by 164
Cited by
Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J., et al. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 · Cited by 2,913
Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence
Lenroot, R. K., Gogtay, N., Greenstein, D. K., Wells, E. M., Wallace, G. L., Clasen, L. S., Blumenthal, J. D., Lerch, J., Zijdenbos, A. P., Evans, A. C., et al. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.053 · Cited by 1,309
Women's underrepresentation in science: sociocultural and biological considerations
Ceci, S. J., Williams, W. M., & Barnett, S. M. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014412 · Cited by 957
New trends in gender and mathematics performance: A meta-analysis.
Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., Petersen, J. L., & Linn, M. C. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021276 · Cited by 920
Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women
Sherwin, B. B. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2001-0016 · Cited by 560
Anxiety selectively disrupts visuospatial working memory
Shackman, A. J., Sarinopoulos, I., Maxwell, J. S., Pizzagalli, D. A., Lavric, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.40 · Cited by 382
Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Wierman, M. E., Arlt, W., Basson, R., Davis, S. R., Miller, K. K., Murad, M. H., Rosner, W., & Santoro, N. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2260 · Cited by 363
Testosterone supplementation therapy for older men: potential benefits and risks
Gruenewald, D. A., & Matsumoto, A. M. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1034/j.1601-5215.2002.51018.x · Cited by 279
Zitzmann, M., & Nieschlag, E. (2001) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1440183 · Cited by 248
Testosterone levels and spatial ability in men
Silverman, I., Kastuk, D., Choi, J., & Phillips, K. (1999) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00031-1 · Cited by 159
Sex differences in hippocampal function
Koss, W. A., & Frick, K. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23864 · Cited by 156
Effects of hormonal contraceptives on mental rotation and verbal fluency
Griksiene, R., & Ruksenas, O. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.001 · Cited by 128
Salivary testosterone does not predict mental rotation performance in men or women
Puts, D. A., Cárdenas, R. A., Bailey, D. H., Burriss, R. P., Jordan, C. L., & Breedlove, S. M. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.005 · Cited by 89
Sex hormones and mental rotation: an intensive longitudinal investigation.
Courvoisier, D. S., Renaud, O., Geiser, C., Paschke, K., Gaudy, K., & Jordan, K. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.12.007 · Cited by 82
Having a Male Co-Twin Masculinizes Mental Rotation Performance in Females
Vuoksimaa, E., Kaprio, J., Kremen, W. S., Hokkanen, L., Viken, R. J., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., & Rose, R. J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610376075 · Cited by 80
“Studies have suggested that elevated levels of fluctuating testosterone are associated with better spatial abilities among females, whereas in males, lower fluctuating testosterone levels relate to better spatial abilities (Gouchie & Kimura, 1991; Moffat & Hampson, 1996).”
BackgroundEffects of testosterone on cognitive and brain aging in elderly men
MOFFAT, S. D. (2005) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1323.014 · Cited by 76
Herlitz, A., Reuterskiöld, L., Lovén, J., Thilers, P. P., & Rehnman, J. (2013) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2012.759580 · Cited by 63
Testosterone improves verbal learning and memory in postmenopausal women: results from a pilot study
Davison, S. L., Bell, R. J., Gavrilescu, M., Searle, K., Maruff, P., Gogos, A., Rossell, S. L., Adams, J., Egan, G. F., & Davis, S. R. (2011) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.08.006 · Cited by 47
Pubertal testosterone predicts mental rotation performance of young adult males
Vuoksimaa, E., Kaprio, J., Eriksson, C. J. P., & Rose, R. J. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.013 · Cited by 43
“Some studies have indicated a positive correlation between testosterone and male favoring spatial abilities in females, but a negative correlation among males, which raise the question of whether optimal levels of testosterone are requisite for good spatial abilities (Shute et al., 1983; Gouchie and Kimura, 1991; Moff…”
BackgroundPrenatal testosterone does not explain sex differences in spatial ability
Toivainen, T., Pannini, G., Papageorgiou, K. A., Malanchini, M., Rimfeld, K., Shakeshaft, N., & Kovas, Y. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31704-y · Cited by 26
Testosterone levels and mental rotation performance in Chinese men.
Yang, C.-F. J., Hooven, C. K., Boynes, M., Gray, P. B., & Pope, H. G. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.12.005 · Cited by 22
Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review
Cuppello, S., Zibarras, L. D., & Corr, P. J. (2025) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-025-00504-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Gouchie, C., & Kimura, D.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 323-334
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2164079217
- Cited by
- 423
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 2.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
