Cited by 2,107Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersAnimal Behavior and Welfare Studies

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Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications

Kirschbaum, Clemens, Hellhammer, Dirk H.·1994·Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Abstract

The assessment of cortisol in saliva has proven a valid and reliable reflection of the respective unbound hormone in blood. To date, assessment of cortisol in saliva is a widely accepted and frequently employed method in psychoneuroendocrinology. Due to several advantages over blood cortisol analyses (e.g., stress-free sampling, laboratory independence, lower costs) saliva cortisol assessment can be the method of choice in basic research and clinical environments. The determination of cortisol in saliva can facilitate stress studies including newborns and infants and replace blood sampling for diagnostic endocrine tests like the dexamethasone suppression test. The present paper provides an up-to-date overview of recent methodological developments, novel applications as well as a discussion of possible future applications of salivary cortisol determination.

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Authors: Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H.
Affiliations: Universität Trier (DE)
Corresponding author: Hellhammer, Dirk H.
ORCID: Kirschbaum, Clemens
Hellhammer, Dirk H.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994-01
Volume: 19
Issue: 4
Pages: 313-333
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2
OpenAlex: W2000150063
Cited by: 2,107
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
FWCI: 2.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Keywords: salivary cortisol, cortisol measurement, stress measurement, dexamethasone suppression test, infants, neonates, non-invasive sampling, method development
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Reference Values, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Exercise

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Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications

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