Cited by 2,107Stress Responses and CortisolAdrenal Hormones and DisordersAnimal Behavior and Welfare Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications

Kirschbaum, Clemens, Hellhammer, Dirk H.·1994·Psychoneuroendocrinology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The assessment of cortisol in saliva has proven a valid and reliable reflection of the respective unbound hormone in blood. To date, assessment of cortisol in saliva is a widely accepted and frequently employed method in psychoneuroendocrinology. Due to several advantages over blood cortisol analyses (e.g., stress-free sampling, laboratory independence, lower costs) saliva cortisol assessment can be the method of choice in basic research and clinical environments. The determination of cortisol in saliva can facilitate stress studies including newborns and infants and replace blood sampling for diagnostic endocrine tests like the dexamethasone suppression test. The present paper provides an up-to-date overview of recent methodological developments, novel applications as well as a discussion of possible future applications of salivary cortisol determination.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2

Cites

89 of 89 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093
Self-citation
A Specific Laboratory Test for the Diagnosis of Melancholia: Standardization, Validation, and Clinical Utility
Carroll, B. J. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780260017001 · Cited by 2,243
Salivary Cortisol in Psychobiological Research: An Overview
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000118611 · Cited by 1,532
Self-citation
The Free Hormone Hypothesis: A Physiologically Based Mathematical Model*
MENDEL, C. M. (1989) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-10-3-232 · Cited by 961
Synthesis of a cortisol–biotin conjugate and evaluation as a tracer in an immunoassay for salivary cortisol measurement
Dressendörfer, R. A., Kirschbaum, C., Rohde, W., Stahl, F., & Strasburger, C. J. (1992) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(92)90294-s · Cited by 882
Self-citation
TESTS OF PITUITARY-ADRENAL SUPPRESSIBILITY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME*
Liddle, G. W. (1960) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-20-12-1539 · Cited by 732
Consistent sex differences in cortisol responses to psychological stress.
Kirschbaum, C., Wüst, S., & Hellhammer, D. (1992) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199211000-00004 · Cited by 730
Self-citation
Steroids in Saliva for Assessing Endocrine Function
Riad-Fahmy, D., Read, G. F., WALKER, R. F., & Griffiths, K. (1982) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-3-4-367 · Cited by 426
Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress
Jin, P. (1992) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(92)90072-a · Cited by 425
Preclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal "incidentalomas": comparison with adrenal Cushing's syndrome
Reincke, M., Nieke, J., Krestin, G. P., Saeger, W., Allolio, B., & Winkelmann, W. (1992) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.75.3.1517373 · Cited by 346

Show all 89 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Allolio, 1986, Verbesserte ambulante Diagnostik von Nebennierenrinden (NNR)-Erkrankungen durch Messung von Cortisol im Speichel, Aktuelle Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, 7, 140
Deinzer, 1991, Salivary cortisol in unexperienced parachute jumpers. I. Circadian rhythm, Neuoendocrinol Lett, 13, 222
Dressendörfer, 1990, Flexible end-point determination in a salivary cortisol assay using a cortisol-biotin conjugate as tracer, J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 28, 653
Kirschbaum, 1992, Heritability of cortisol responses to h-CRH, ergometry, and psychological stress in humans, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, 1526
Strasburger, 1990, Biotinylated cortisol: A potent and stable tracer in immunoassays for cortisol determination, J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 28, 663

Sorted by citations

Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881
Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Gross, J. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198 · Cited by 4,890
Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review
Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009 · Cited by 1,624
Self-citation
Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research
Nater, U. M., & Rohleder, N. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014 · Cited by 1,370
Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge
Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Wüst, S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004 · Cited by 963
Self-citation
The effects of acute exercise on mood, cognition, neurophysiology, and neurochemical pathways: a review.
Basso, J. C., & Suzuki, W. A. (2016) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-160040 · Cited by 911
Experience sampling research in psychopathology: opening the black box of daily life
Myin-Germeys, I., Oorschot, M., Collip, D., Lataster, J., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004947 · Cited by 817
Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity
Vreeburg, S. A., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., van Pelt, J., DeRijk, R. H., Verhagen, J. C. M., van Dyck, R., Smit, J. H., Zitman, F. G., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50 · Cited by 792
Evidence for a differential role of HPA-axis function, inflammation and metabolic syndrome in melancholic versus atypical depression
Lamers, F., Vogelzangs, N., Merikangas, K. R., de Jonge, P., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.144 · Cited by 691
Maternal stress beginning in infancy may sensitize children to later stress exposure: effects on cortisol and behavior
Essex, M. J., Klein, M. H., Cho, E., & Kalin, N. H. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01553-6 · Cited by 698
One year pre-post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients
Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Faris, P., & Patel, K. D. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.002 · Cited by 688
Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques
Davenport, M. D., Tiefenbacher, S., Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S. (2006) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.005 · Cited by 659
Determinants of the diurnal course of salivary alpha-amylase
Nater, U. M., Rohleder, N., Schlotz, W., Ehlert, U., & Kirschbaum, C. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.02.007 · Cited by 631
Self-citation
Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradigm
Nater, U. M., Rohleder, N., Gaab, J., Berger, S., Jud, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2004.09.009 · Cited by 618
Self-citation
Stress response and the adolescent transition: performance versus peer rejection stressors
Stroud, L. R., Foster, E., Papandonatos, G. D., Handwerger, K., Granger, D. A., Kivlighan, K. T., & Niaura, R. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000042 · Cited by 610
Effect of psychological stress on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in healthy young adults
Takai, N., Yamaguchi, M., Aragaki, T., Eto, K., Uchihashi, K., & Nishikawa, Y. (2004) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.06.007 · Cited by 568
Salivary α‐Amylase in Biobehavioral Research: Recent Developments and Applications
GRANGER, D. A., KIVLIGHAN, K. T., El‐SHEIKH, M., GORDIS, E. B., & STROUD, L. R. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1384.008 · Cited by 572
Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: the role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal
Gaab, J., Rohleder, N., Nater, U. M., & Ehlert, U. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.001 · Cited by 525
Effects of different kinds of couple interaction on cortisol and heart rate responses to stress in women
Ditzen, B., Neumann, I. D., Bodenmann, G., von Dawans, B., Turner, R. A., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.011 · Cited by 525
Effect of forest bathing on physiological and psychological responses in young Japanese male subjects
Lee, J., Park, B.-J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Ohira, T., Kagawa, T., & Miyazaki, Y. (2011) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2010.09.005 · Cited by 517
The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response
Thoma, M. V., La Marca, R., Brönnimann, R., Finkel, L., Ehlert, U., & Nater, U. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070156 · Cited by 520
“The main effector of the HPA axis is the so-called ‘stress’ hormone cortisol; its concentration is measured and evaluated in order to have an index for HPA axis activation [14,15].”
Background
Psychological stress reactivity and future health and disease outcomes: A systematic review of prospective evidence
Turner, A. I., Smyth, N., Hall, S. J., Torres, S. J., Hussein, M., Jayasinghe, S. U., Ball, K., & Clow, A. J. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104599 · Cited by 503
Effects of choir singing or listening on secretory immunoglobulin A, cortisol, and emotional state
Kreutz, G., Bongard, S., Rohrmann, S., Hodapp, V., & Grebe, D. (2004) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-004-0006-9 · Cited by 474
Gardening promotes neuroendocrine and affective restoration from stress
Van Den Berg, A. E., & Custers, M. H. G. (2011) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105310365577 · Cited by 470
The stress cascade and schizophrenia: Etiology and onset
Corcoran, C., Walker, E., Huot, R., Mittal, V., Tessner, K., Kestler, L., & Malaspina, D. (2003) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007038 · Cited by 439
Ecological momentary assessment research in behavioral medicine
Smyth, J. M., & Stone, A. A. (2003) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1023657221954 · Cited by 439
Chronic burnout, somatic arousal and elevated salivary cortisol levels
Melamed, S., Ugarten, U., Shirom, A., Kahana, L., Lerman, Y., & Froom, P. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00007-0 · Cited by 436
Psychological and Neuroendocrinological Sequelae of Early Social Deprivation in Institutionalized Children in Romania
CARLSON, M., & EARLS, F. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51936.x · Cited by 421
Salivary alpha amylase as marker for adrenergic activity during stress: Effect of betablockade
van Stegeren, A., Rohleder, N., Everaerd, W., & Wolf, O. T. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.05.012 · Cited by 419
Perceived work overload and chronic worrying predict weekend-weekday differences in the cortisol awakening response
Schlotz, W., Hellhammer, J., Schulz, P., & Stone, A. A. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000116715.78238.56 · Cited by 418
Physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest)--using salivary cortisol and cerebral activity as indicators
Park, B.-J., Tsunetsugu, Y., Kasetani, T., Hirano, H., Kagawa, T., Sato, M., & Miyazaki, Y. (2007) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.2114/jpa2.26.123 · Cited by 397
The Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G): a new research tool for controlled simultaneous social stress exposure in a group format
von Dawans, B., Kirschbaum, C., & Heinrichs, M. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.004 · Cited by 387
Self-citation
Biological sensitivity to context: II. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary–developmental theory
ELLIS, B. J., ESSEX, M. J., & BOYCE, W. T. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050157 · Cited by 383
Psychosocial stress impairs working memory at high loads: an association with cortisol levels and memory retrieval
Oei, N. Y. L., Everaerd, W. T. A. M., Elzinga, B. M., van Well, S., & Bermond, B. (2006) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890600965773 · Cited by 373
Urban Nature Experiences Reduce Stress in the Context of Daily Life Based on Salivary Biomarkers
Hunter, M. R., Gillespie, B. W., & Chen, S. Y.-P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00722 · Cited by 358
Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta-analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior
Alink, L. R. A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Mesman, J., Juffer, F., & Koot, H. M. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20300 · Cited by 359
Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of cortisol
Smyth, J. M., Ockenfels, M. C., Gorin, A. A., Catley, D., Porter, L. S., Kirschbaum, C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Stone, A. A. (1997) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(96)00039-x · Cited by 350
Self-citation
Effects of Relaxing Music on Salivary Cortisol Level after Psychological Stress
KHALFA, S., BELLA, S. D., ROY, M., PERETZ, I., & LUPIEN, S. J. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1284.045 · Cited by 341
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with bipolar disorder
Watson, S., Gallagher, P., Ritchie, J. C., Ferrier, I. N., & Young, A. H. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.6.496 · Cited by 343
Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: A 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters
Heinrichs, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., Soravia, L. M., Hellhammer, D. H., & Ehlert, U. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.12.2276 · Cited by 337
Self-citation
Stress predicts brain changes in children: A pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the hippocampus
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2028 · Cited by 327
The Neuroendocrinology of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Cleare, A. J. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2002-0014 · Cited by 315
Cortisol moderates the relationship between testosterone and aggression in delinquent male adolescents
Popma, A., Vermeiren, R., Geluk, C. A. M. L., Rinne, T., van den Brink, W., Knol, D. L., Jansen, L. M. C., van Engeland, H., & Doreleijers, T. A. H. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.006 · Cited by 290
Randomized Controlled Trial of Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery Versus Supportive Expressive Group Therapy for Distressed Survivors of Breast Cancer (MINDSET)
Carlson, L. E., Doll, R., Stephen, J., Faris, P., Tamagawa, R., Drysdale, E., & Speca, M. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2012.47.5210 · Cited by 282
Effects of forest bathing (shinrin-yoku) on levels of cortisol as a stress biomarker: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Antonelli, M., Barbieri, G., & Donelli, D. (2019) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-019-01717-x · Cited by 271
Meal timing affects glucose tolerance, substrate oxidation and circadian-related variables: A randomized, crossover trial
Bandín, C., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Luque, A. J., Ávila-Gandía, V, Zamora, S., Madrid, J. A., Gómez-Abellán, P., & Garaulet, M. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.182 · Cited by 262
Salivary cortisol response to awakening in chronic fatigue syndrome
Roberts, A. D. L., Wessely, S., Chalder, T., Papadopoulos, A., & Cleare, A. J. (2004) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.2.136 · Cited by 265
Cortisol circadian rhythms and response to stress in children with autism
Corbett, B. A., Mendoza, S., Abdullah, M., Wegelin, J. A., & Levine, S. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.05.011 · Cited by 258
Social Support and Salivary Cortisol in Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer
Turner-Cobb, J. M., Sephton, S. E., Koopman, C., Blake-Mortimer, J., & Spiegel, D. (2000) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200005000-00007 · Cited by 259
The stress-buffering effect of acute exercise: evidence for HPA axis negative feedback
Zschucke, E., Renneberg, B., Dimeo, F., Wüstenberg, T., & Ströhle, A. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.019 · Cited by 253
Social‐cognitive, physiological, and neural mechanisms underlying emotion regulation impairments: understanding anxiety in autism spectrum disorder
White, S. W., Mazefsky, C. A., Dichter, G. S., Chiu, P. H., Richey, J. A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.05.012 · Cited by 252
Salivary alpha amylase and cortisol responses to different stress tasks: Impact of sex
van Stegeren, A. H., Wolf, O. T., & Kindt, M. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.02.008 · Cited by 249
Development of cortisol circadian rhythm in infancy
de Weerth, C., Zijl, R. H., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2003) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/s0378-3782(03)00074-4 · Cited by 248
Sex differences in emotional and psychophysiological responses to musical stimuli
Nater, U. M., Abbruzzese, E., Krebs, M., & Ehlert, U. (2006) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.05.011 · Cited by 240
Diurnal cortisol decline is related to coronary calcification: CARDIA study
Matthews, K., Schwartz, J., Cohen, S., & Seeman, T. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000244071.42939.0e · Cited by 240
Correspondence between hair cortisol concentrations and 30-day integrated daily salivary and weekly urinary cortisol measures
Short, S. J., Stalder, T., Marceau, K., Entringer, S., Moog, N. K., Shirtcliff, E. A., Wadhwa, P. D., & Buss, C. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.007 · Cited by 239
Increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity rather than changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is associated with metabolic abnormalities
Licht, C. M. M., Vreeburg, S. A., van Reedt Dortland, A. K. B., Giltay, E. J., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., DeRijk, R. H., Vogelzangs, N., Zitman, F. G., de Geus, E. J. C., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2801 · Cited by 240
A Pilot Randomized Trial of a Companion Robot for People With Dementia Living in the Community
Liang, A., Piroth, I., Robinson, H., MacDonald, B., Fisher, M., Nater, U. M., Skoluda, N., & Broadbent, E. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.019 · Cited by 223
The dark side of creativity: biological vulnerability and negative emotions lead to greater artistic creativity
Akinola, M., & Mendes, W. B. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208323933 · Cited by 240
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperresponsiveness is associated with increased social avoidance behavior in social phobia
Roelofs, K., van Peer, J., Berretty, E., Jong, P. D., Spinhoven, P., & Elzinga, B. M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.022 · Cited by 236
Meta-analysis and meta-regression of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in functional somatic disorders
Tak, L. M., Cleare, A. J., Ormel, J., Manoharan, A., Kok, I. C., Wessely, S., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.02.002 · Cited by 230
Stress Contagion: Physiological Covariation Between Mothers and Infants
Waters, S. F., West, T. V., & Mendes, W. B. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613518352 · Cited by 231
Cortisol as a marker for improvement in mindfulness-based stress reduction
Matousek, R. H., Dobkin, P. L., & Pruessner, J. (2010) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.004 · Cited by 233
Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol concentrations and child outcomes: a systematic review
Zijlmans, M. A. C., Riksen-Walraven, J. M., & de Weerth, C. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.015 · Cited by 221
Choral singing, performance perception, and immune system changes in salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol
Beck, R. J., Cesario, T. C., Yousefi, A., & Enamoto, H. (2000) · Music Perception · doi:10.2307/40285902 · Cited by 221
Individual differences in diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC): association with clinical variables
Edwards, R. R., Ness, T. J., Weigent, D. A., & Fillingim, R. B. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.09.005 · Cited by 220
Stress-system genes and life stress predict cortisol levels and amygdala and hippocampal volumes in children
Pagliaccio, D., Luby, J. L., Bogdan, R., Agrawal, A., Gaffrey, M. S., Belden, A. C., Botteron, K. N., Harms, M. P., & Barch, D. M. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.327 · Cited by 205
Trauma, stress, and preconscious threat processing in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Bakvis, P., Roelofs, K., Kuyk, J., Edelbroek, P. M., Swinkels, W. A. M., & Spinhoven, P. (2009) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01862.x · Cited by 195
Sources of biological and methodological variation in salivary cortisol and their impact on measurement among healthy adults: A review
Hansen, Å. M., Garde, A. H., & Persson, R. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365510701819127 · Cited by 198
Stress reduces conception probabilities across the fertile window: evidence in support of relaxation
Buck Louis, G. M., Lum, K. J., Sundaram, R., Chen, Z., Kim, S., Lynch, C. D., Schisterman, E. F., & Pyper, C. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.078 · Cited by 189
Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency
Raff, H. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1166 · Cited by 186
Evolution and ontogeny of stress response to social challenges in the human child
FLINN, M. (2006) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.003 · Cited by 173
HPA axis activity in patients with chronic insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies
Dressle, R. J., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Schmucker, C., Benz, F., Mey, N. C., & Riemann, D. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101588 · Cited by 161
Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on salivary cortisol in healthy adults: a meta-analytical review
Sanada, K., Montero-Marin, J., Alda Díez, M., Salas-Valero, M., Pérez-Yus, M. C., Morillo, H., Demarzo, M. M. P., García-Toro, M., & García-Campayo, J. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00471 · Cited by 161
Sleep Disturbances in Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer
Koopman, C., Nouriani, B., Erickson, V., Anupindi, R., Butler, L. D., Bachmann, M. H., Sephton, S. E., & Spiegel, D. (2002) · The Breast Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1524-4741.2002.08606.x · Cited by 156
Is low cortisol release an indicator of positive health?
Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2002) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.942 · Cited by 153
A systematic review of the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in first episode psychosis
Borges, S., Gayer-Anderson, C., & Mondelli, V. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.025 · Cited by 153
Morningness-eveningness, habitual sleep-wake variables and cortisol level
Randler, C., & Schaal, S. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.04.006 · Cited by 150
Early father involvement moderates biobehavioral susceptibility to mental health problems in middle childhood
BOYCE, W. T., ESSEX, M. J., ALKON, A., GOLDSMITH, H. H., KRAEMER, H. C., & KUPFER, D. J. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000237706.50884.8b · Cited by 150
Assessing estradiol in biobehavioral studies using saliva and blood spots: simple radioimmunoassay protocols, reliability, and comparative validity
Shirtcliff, E. A., Granger, D. A., Schwartz, E. B., Curran, M. J., Booth, A., & Overman, W. H. (2000) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1614 · Cited by 149
Different responses to dexamethasone and prednisolone in the same depressed patients
Juruena, M. F., Cleare, A. J., Papadopoulos, A. S., Poon, L., Lightman, S., & Pariante, C. M. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0555-4 · Cited by 147
Glucocorticoids Decrease Hippocampal and Prefrontal Activation during Declarative Memory Retrieval in Young Men
Oei, N. Y. L., Elzinga, B. M., Wolf, O. T., de Ruiter, M. B., Damoiseaux, J. S., Kuijer, J. P. A., Veltman, D. J., Scheltens, P., & Rombouts, S. A. R. B. (2007) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-007-9003-2 · Cited by 146
Maternal early life experiences and parenting: the mediating role of cortisol and executive function
Gonzalez, A., Jenkins, J. M., Steiner, M., & Fleming, A. S. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.04.003 · Cited by 146
Mindfulness meditation alleviates fibromyalgia symptoms in women: results of a randomized clinical trial
Cash, E., Salmon, P., Weissbecker, I., Rebholz, W. N., Bayley-Veloso, R., Zimmaro, L. A., Floyd, A., Dedert, E., & Sephton, S. E. (2015) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-014-9665-0 · Cited by 146
Endogenous cortisol is associated with functional connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex
Veer, I. M., Oei, N. Y. L., Spinhoven, P., van Buchem, M. A., Elzinga, B. M., & Rombouts, S. A. R. B. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.001 · Cited by 140
Stress management interventions in the workplace improve stress reactivity: a randomised controlled trial
Limm, H., Gündel, H., Heinmüller, M., Marten-Mittag, B., Nater, U. M., Siegrist, J., & Angerer, P. (2011) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2009.054148 · Cited by 142
Basal hypercortisolism and trauma in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Bakvis, P., Spinhoven, P., Giltay, E. J., Kuyk, J., Edelbroek, P. M., Zitman, F. G., & Roelofs, K. (2010) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02394.x · Cited by 132
Attachment, depression, and cortisol: deviant patterns in insecure-resistant and disorganized infants
Luijk, M. P. C. M., Saridjan, N., Tharner, A., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20446 · Cited by 135
Behavioral problems in dementia patients and salivary cortisol patterns in caregivers
de Vugt, M. E., Nicolson, N. A., Aalten, P., Lousberg, R., Jolle, J., & Verhey, F. R. J. (2005) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.17.2.201 · Cited by 136
Physiological reactivity, social support, and memory in early childhood
Quas, J. A., Bauer, A., & Boyce, W. T. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00707.x · Cited by 132
Variations in heritability of cortisol reactivity to stress as a function of early familial adversity among 19-month-old twins
Ouellet-Morin, I., Boivin, M., Dionne, G., Lupien, S. J., Arsenault, L., Barr, R. G., Pérusse, D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.27 · Cited by 125
Differences in Salivary Alpha-Amylase and Cortisol Responsiveness following Exposure to Electrical Stimulation versus the Trier Social Stress Tests
Maruyama, Y., Kawano, A., Okamoto, S., Ando, T., Ishitobi, Y., Tanaka, Y., Inoue, A., Imanaga, J., Kanehisa, M., Higuma, H., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039375 · Cited by 125
Personality factors in the explanation of sex differences in pain catastrophizing and response to experimental pain
Thorn, B. E., Clements, K. L., Ward, L. C., Dixon, K. E., Kersh, B. C., Boothby, J. L., & Chaplin, W. F. (2004) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200409000-00001 · Cited by 121
Developmental differences in infant salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol responses to stress
Davis, E. P., & Granger, D. A. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.001 · Cited by 122
Psychological stress-reducing effect of chocolate enriched with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in humans: assessment of stress using heart rate variability and salivary chromogranin A.
Nakamura, H., Takishima, T., Kometani, T., & Yokogoshi, H. (2009) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637480802558508 · Cited by 116
Daytime cortisol and stress reactivity in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder
Ellenbogen, M. A., Hodgins, S., Walker, C.-D., Couture, S., & Adam, S. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.08.004 · Cited by 114
Physiological, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Changes in Space
Graebe, A., Schuck, E. L., Lensing, P., Putcha, L., & Derendorf, H. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270004267193 · Cited by 113
Self-regulatory deficits in fibromyalgia and temporomandibular disorders
Nes, L. S., Carlson, C. R., Crofford, L. J., de Leeuw, R., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.009 · Cited by 107
Gender-specific differences in salivary biomarker responses to acute psychological stress.
TAKAI, N., YAMAGUCHI, M., ARAGAKI, T., ETO, K., UCHIHASHI, K., & NISHIKAWA, Y. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1384.014 · Cited by 107
Genetics of cortisol secretion and depressive symptoms: a candidate gene and genome wide association approach
Velders, F. P., Kuningas, M., Kumari, M., Dekker, M. J., Uitterlinden, A. G., Kirschbaum, C., Hek, K., Hofman, A., Verhulst, F. C., Kivimaki, M., et al. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.01.003 · Cited by 106

Authors: Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H.
Affiliations: Universität Trier (DE)
Corresponding author: Hellhammer, Dirk H.
ORCID: Kirschbaum, Clemens
Hellhammer, Dirk H.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994-01
Volume: 19
Issue: 4
Pages: 313-333
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2
OpenAlex: W2000150063
Cited by: 2,107
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
FWCI: 2.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Keywords: salivary cortisol, cortisol measurement, stress measurement, dexamethasone suppression test, infants, neonates, non-invasive sampling, method development
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Reference Values, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Exercise

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks