The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Indirectness and politeness in requests: Same or different?
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, in press. The multifunctionality of discourse markers: The case of requests. Theoretical Linguistics. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House and Gabriele Kasper, eds., forthcoming. Cross-cultural pragmatics. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Dascal, 1983, Vol. 1
- Katriel Tamar, forthcoming. ‘Dugri’ speech: Talking straight in Israeli ‘Sabra’ culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Song, S. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-52436-2_4 · Cited by 1,457
Politeness Theory and Relational Work
Locher, M. A., & Watts, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9 · Cited by 1,426
“…(2001) places it on much the same level as other approaches to politeness that have been suggested by researchers in the field, e. g., Blum-Kulka et al. (1985), Blum-Kulka (1987, 1990), Janney and Arndt (1992), Ide (1989), Mao (1994), Gu (1990), Kasper (1990), Robin Lakoff (1973), Fraser (1990).”
BackgroundWatts, R. J. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511615184 · Cited by 1,214
Fraser, B. (1990) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-n · Cited by 1,054
Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence
Culpeper, J. (2011) · Cited by 800
Impoliteness revisited: with special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects
Culpeper, J., Bousfield, D., & Wichmann, A. (2003) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(02)00118-2 · Cited by 771
“Furthermore, Blum-Kulka (1987), for example, reports that conventionally indirect strategies (e.g.”
BackgroundHeritage Languages and Their Speakers
Polinsky, M. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107252349 · Cited by 759
Kasper, G. (1990) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-w · Cited by 633
Contingency and Action: A Comparison of Two Forms of Requesting
Curl, T. S., & Drew, P. (2008) · Research on Language and Social Interaction · doi:10.1080/08351810802028613 · Cited by 802
“…is generally not considered in studies that either use “real” examples of spoken utterances but abstracted from the surrounding talk/interaction (Blum-Kulka, 1987), or they use fabricated examples (e.g., Clark, 1979, Francik & Clark, 1985); Brown and Levinson analyzed both abstracted and…”
MethodBeyond the micro-level in politeness research
Terkourafi, M. (2005) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/jplr.2005.1.2.237 · Cited by 526
“…" and " negative " politeness Ϫ and their shortcomings have been dealt with by proposing additional rules/ maxims/principles (e. g., Ide 1982; Gu 1990; Blum-Kulka 1987), or by redefining their basic terms (e. g., Mao 1994), but hardly ever by moving away from their basic premises altogether 7 .”
BackgroundPoliteness theory and Shakespeare's four major tragedies
Brown, R. W., & Gilman, A. (1989) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404500013464 · Cited by 496
Toward a pragmatics of emotive communication
Caffi, C., & Janney, R. W. (1994) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(94)90115-5 · Cited by 405
Ogiermann, E. (2009) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/jplr.2009.011 · Cited by 382
“…conducted in the field of cross-cultural pragmatics illustrates culture-specific preferences in realizing requests (e. g., House and Kasper 1981; Blum-Kulka 1987, 1989; Blum-Kulka and House 1989; House 1989; Sifianou 1992; Fukushima 1996, 2000; Van Mulken 1996; Lubecka 2000; Ma´rquez Reiter…”
BackgroundInfluentialClayman, S. E., & Heritage, J. C. (2002) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/52.4.749 · Cited by 340
The functions of sarcastic irony in speech
Jorgensen, J. (1996) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(95)00067-4 · Cited by 354
Bowe, H., & Martin, K. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803925 · Cited by 359
Biesenbach-Lucas, S. (2007) · Language learning & technology · doi:10.64152/10125/44104 · Cited by 272
“…been associated with the most indirect request strategies, hints (as in it’s cold in here, which represent the second most polite form in Brown & Levinson’s (1978, 1987) politeness theory), because "they testify to a lack of [a speaker’s] concern for pragmatic clarity" (Blum-Kulka, 1987, p. 144).”
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Soler, E. A. (2005) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2005.06.005 · Cited by 261
Historical Trends in Questioning Presidents, 1953‐2000
Clayman, S. E., Elliott, M. N., Heritage, J. C., et al. (2006) · Presidential Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.02568.x · Cited by 245
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Yu, M.-C. (2003) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(03)00074-2 · Cited by 232
Pragmatic development in the Spanish as a FL classroom: A cross-sectional study of learner requests
Félix‐Brasdefer, J. C. (2007) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip.2007.013 · Cited by 225
Ephratt, M. (2008) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2008.03.009 · Cited by 224
“Blum-Kulka (1987) proposes strategies for making a request sound gentler, more polite and more deserving of respect than the form ‘‘Time?’’.”
BackgroundYou don't touch lettuce with your fingers:
Blum‐Kulka, S. (1990) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90083-p · Cited by 211
Self-citationOn Apologising in Negative and Positive Politeness Cultures
Ogiermann, E. (2009) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.191 · Cited by 217
The impact of politeness and relationship on perceived quality of advice about a problem
Goldsmith, D., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2000) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00757.x · Cited by 206
Meier, A. J. (1995) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(94)00053-h · Cited by 203
Communicative styles in English and German
House, J. (2006) · European Journal of English Studies · doi:10.1080/13825570600967721 · Cited by 186
Sasaki, M. (1998) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(98)00013-7 · Cited by 169
A Computational Approach to Politeness with Application to Social FactorsPreprint
Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., Sudhof, M., Jurafsky, D., Leskovec, J., & Potts, C. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1306.6078 · Cited by 168
“irect, as they create the sense that the burden of the request is shared between speaker and addressee (We really should ...). Though indirectness is not invariably interpreted as politeness marking (Blum-Kulka, 2003), it is nonetheless a reliable marker of it, as our scores indicate. What’s more, direct variants (imp…”
BackgroundRequesting – from speech act to recruitment
Drew, P., & Couper‐Kuhlen, E. (2014) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.26.01dre · Cited by 165
Cross-Cultural Comparisons of the Perceived Importance of Conversational Constraints
Kim, M.-S. (1994) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1994.tb00343.x · Cited by 165
Power, severity, and context in disagreement
Rees‐Miller, J. (2000) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(99)00088-0 · Cited by 163
Conventionalization: A new agenda for im/politeness research
Terkourafi, M. (2015) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2015.06.004 · Cited by 156
Byon, A. S. (2006) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr.2006.013 · Cited by 153
“The use of direct strategies, marked by honorific elements for various levels of politeness, has implications for the proposed link between politeness and directness because many cross-linguistic studies (e. g., Searle 1975; Clark and Schunk 1980; Blum-Kulka 1987; Brown and Levinson 1987) assert that linguistic indire…”
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Rodríguez Ledesma, M. N. (1997) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 151
Language and Politics: Indirectness in Political Discourse
Obeng, S. G. (1997) · Discourse & Society · doi:10.1177/0957926597008001004 · Cited by 147
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Li, D. (2000) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.57.1.58 · Cited by 146
When Does the Watchdog Bark? Conditions of Aggressive Questioning in Presidential News Conferences
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Towards a cognitive approach to politeness
Escandell‐Vidal, V. (1996) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0388-0001(96)00039-3 · Cited by 149
“If indirect speech acts are not, after all, so “indirect”, indirectness can no longer be the main mechanism of politeness; in other words, the degree of politeness is not necessarily related to the degree of indirectness, i. e., to the inferencial distance (see Blum-Kulka, 1987).”
BackgroundYılmaz, Y. (2012) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00726.x · Cited by 154
Defining politeness: Universality in appropriateness
Meier, A. J. (1995) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/0388-0001(95)00019-4 · Cited by 132
Arguing about the future: On indirect disagreements in conversations
Georgakopoulou, A. (2001) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(00)00034-5 · Cited by 130
Merrison, A. J., Wilson, J. J., Davies, B. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2012.05.009 · Cited by 126
Kim, M., Sharkey, W. F., & Singelis, T. M. (1994) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(94)90008-6 · Cited by 121
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics
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Okamoto, S. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.9.1.05oka · Cited by 117
A cross‐cultural comparison of implicit theories of requesting
Kim, M., & Wilson, S. R. (1994) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759409376334 · Cited by 117
“These two global concerns also have been labeled as: "Be polite" and "Be clear" (Lakoff, 1977), "Concern with support" and "Concern for clarity" (Greene & Lindsey, 1989), and "Politeness" and "Directness" (Blum-Kulka, 1987). In an analysis of interpersonal influence situations, Dillard (1990) argues that gaining compl…”
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“Cultural belonging has been shown to carry with it intersubjective expectations about appropriate behaviours and their social meanings in different contexts (Goffman, 1955; Blum-Kulka, 1987; Yu, 2003).”
BackgroundPhonetics and politeness: Perceiving Korean honorific and non-honorific speech through phonetic cues
Brown, L., Winter, B., Idemaru, K., et al. (2014) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2014.02.011 · Cited by 112
“468 Similarly, conventionalized indirect requests in English (‘‘Can you pass the salt?’’) are normatively perceived as polite 469 (see Blum-Kulka, 1987), at least when uttered in their prototypical contexts.”
BackgroundRequests and status in business correspondence
Bargiela‐Chiappini, F., & Harris, S. J. (1996) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(96)89191-0 · Cited by 112
Contrastive discourse analysis and misunderstanding: The case of German and English
House, J. (1996) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110811551.345 · Cited by 112
Request strategies in British English and Japanese
Fukushima, S. (1996) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0388-0001(96)00041-1 · Cited by 109
Terkourafi, M. (2011) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2011.05.003 · Cited by 107
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Nineteenth-century English politeness
Culpeper, J., & Demmen, J. (2011) · Journal of Historical Pragmatics · doi:10.1075/jhp.12.1-2.03cul · Cited by 109
“(Aijmer 1996: 128-9, cf. Clark and Clark 1977: 80; Blum-Kulka 1987: 142; Blum-Kulka 1989: 45).”
Lee-Wong, S. M. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.4.4.01lee · Cited by 106
Zinken, J., & Ogiermann, E. (2013) · Research on Language and Social Interaction · doi:10.1080/08351813.2013.810409 · Cited by 101
“However, researchers of Cross-Cultural Pragmatics, a field largely based on Brown and Levinson’s theory, have challenged this conclusion and have argued that there is no straightforward relationship between directness and face threat or impoliteness (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Ogiermann, 2009).”
BackgroundDingemanse, M., & Floyd, S. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139342872.021 · Cited by 98
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Indirectness: A gender study of flouting Grice's maxims
Rundquist, S. (1992) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(92)90083-n · Cited by 97
Indirectness and politeness in Turkish–German bilingual and Turkish monolingual requests
Martı, L. (2005) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2005.05.009 · Cited by 97
Spanish request strategies: a cross-cultural analysis from an intercultural perspective
le Pair, R. G. (1996) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0388-0001(96)00040-x · Cited by 94
Indirectness and Politeness in Mexican Requests
Félix‐Brasdefer, J. C. (2005) · Cited by 93
Yu, M.-C. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.9.2.04yu · Cited by 92
Nikula, T. (2005) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2005.10.001 · Cited by 92
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“Similarly, politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) and most research on “facethreatening acts” such as requests (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Holtgraves & Yang, 1990) and advice (e.”
BackgroundModifying L2 criticisms: How learners do it?
Nguyen, T. T. M. (2007) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2007.05.008 · Cited by 84
Impoliteness in Germany: Intercultural encounters in everyday and institutional talk
House, J. (2010) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/iprg.2010.026 · Cited by 84
Turnbull, W. W., & Saxton, K. L. (1997) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(96)00034-3 · Cited by 84
Polite requests in English and Chinese business correspondence in Hong Kong
Yeung, L. (1997) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/0378-2166(95)00050-x · Cited by 82
Requests On E-Mail: a Cross-Cultural Comparison
Chang, Y.-Y., & Hsu, Y.-P. (1998) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/003368829802900206 · Cited by 60
“Studying only the linguistic forms used in phrasing the request itself, as in the studies conducted by Blum-Kulka et al (1989), cannot provide us with a full picture of the cultural differences inherent in making requests”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhat if…? Imagining non-Western perspectives on pragmatic theory and practice
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“For it has led them to seek politeness in increasing rates of indirectness, something which has not been confirmed cross-linguistically (e.g., Blum-Kulka 1987).”
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“, please) and through choices in sentence structure; in the latter case, perceived politeness tends to increase in the face of ‘conventional indirectness’, for example, when a command is framed as an optional request posed to the listener (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Brown & Levinson, 1987; Clark & Schunk, 1980).”
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Marra, M. (2012) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2012.06.009 · Cited by 79
Chejnová, P. (2013) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2013.10.003 · Cited by 78
Routine politeness in American and British English requests: use and non-use of please
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Implicatures in film: Construal and functions in Bridget Jones romantic comedies
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Requestive hints in Japanese and English
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Takano, S. (2004) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2004.06.007 · Cited by 73
Interlinguistic Variation and Similarity in Second Language Speech Act Behavior
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“As has become comm on in literature associated with L2 politeness beh aviors, the findin gs are present ed for comparison in the form of ave rage rankings ass igned to each stateme nt by LI groups (Baker, 1992 ; Blum-Kulka, 1987 ; Ca rre ll and Kon neker , 1981 , Hin kel , 1994 a,b) .”
BackgroundDo we need to be silent to be extremely polite? Silence and FTAs1
Sifianou, M. (1995) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1995.tb00074.x · Cited by 66
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“For instance, Blum-Kulka (1987) found that in the case of requests, conventional indirectness is perceived as more polite than nonconventional indirectness,4 and Wierzbicka (1985) argues that the evaluation of specific speech act realizations in terms of directness and politeness varies…”
BackgroundDeixis from a cognitive point of view
Janssen, T. A. J. M. (2011) · Mouton eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110907575.245 · Cited by 62
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Nguyen, T. T. M. (2008) · Intercultural Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/ip.2008.003 · Cited by 61
Electronic Complaints: An Empirical Study On British English And German Complaints On Ebay
Meinl, M. E. (2013) · Cited by 62
Impoliteness in children's interactions in a Spanish/English bilingual community of practice
Cashman, H. R. (2006) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr.2006.012 · Cited by 59
Cicero to Lucceius (Fam. 5.12) in Its Social Context: Valde Bella?
Hall, J. (1998) · Classical Philology · doi:10.1086/449403 · Cited by 59
“For discussions of "directness" and "indirectness" in phrasing, see Blum-Kulka 1987; Weizman 1989; Risselada 1993, 86-96.”
BackgroundThe principal principles of pragmatic inference: politeness
Turner, K. (1996) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444800008211 · Cited by 59
Deontic rights in interaction : A conversation analytic study on authority and cooperation
Stevanovic, M. (2013) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 59
Do me a favor: A descriptive analysis of favor asking sequences in American English
Goldschmidt, M. M. (1998) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(97)00038-6 · Cited by 58
The production and perception of implicit performatives
Holtgraves, T. (2005) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2005.03.005 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Blum-Kulka, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Pragmatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-146
- ISSN
- 0378-2166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974543382
- Cited by
- 891
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 29.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pragmatics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
- Keywords
- indirectness, politeness, requests, politeness theory, coerciveness, face, hints, Hebrew language, English language
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