The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Indirectness and politeness in requests: Same or different?
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Grice, H. P. (1975) · Speech Acts · doi:10.1163/9789004368811_003 · Cited by 23,221
Leech, G. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315835976 · Cited by 7,767
Strategies of Discourse Comprehension
Staczek, J. J., van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W. (1985) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/326517 · Cited by 5,377
Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978) · Max Planck Digital Library · Cited by 2,726
Biber, D. (1986) · Language · doi:10.2307/415483 · Cited by 1,941
A Festschrift for Morris Halle
Halle, M., Anderson, S. R., & Kiparsky, P. (1973) · Holt, Rinehart and Winston eBooks · Cited by 1,908
(1979) · Expression and Meaning · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609213.004 · Cited by 1,393
Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP)1
BLUM-KULKA, S., & OLSHTAIN, E. (1984) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/5.3.196 · Cited by 1,242 · cited 1×
“For details of the study see Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), and Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (forthcoming).”
MethodSelf-citationSearle, J. R. (1975) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004368811_004 · Cited by 804
Is Sybil there? the structure of some American English directives
Ervin-Tripp, S. Μ. (1976) · Language in Society · doi:10.1017/s0047404500006849 · Cited by 764
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, in press. The multifunctionality of discourse markers: The case of requests. Theoretical Linguistics. Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House and Gabriele Kasper, eds., forthcoming. Cross-cultural pragmatics. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Dascal, 1983, Vol. 1
- Katriel Tamar, forthcoming. ‘Dugri’ speech: Talking straight in Israeli ‘Sabra’ culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 887
Leelaharattanarak, N. (2015) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · Cited by 5
Complaint sequences across proficiency levels: the contribution of pragmatics and multimodality
Beltrán‐Palanques, V. (2016) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · doi:10.6035/14018.2016.141603 · Cited by 5
The acquisition of pragmatic competence: compliment response strategies in learners of Spanish
Smith, J. (2009) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2569 · Cited by 6
“It is important to note that indirectness does not necessarily equal politeness (Blum-Kulka, 1987), but this variation does indicate that despite many similarities, there is a great deal of cross-linguistic difference in the realization of the speech act of requesting in different languages. Olshtain (1989) studied ap…”
BackgroundInfluentialOXFORD STUDIES IN DIACHRONIC AND HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
(2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198940661.003.0020 · Cited by 5
A pragmatic analysis of compliment response strategies by Emirati Arabic speakers
Rabab'ah, G. A., Alghazo, S. M., Alhajji, R., et al. (2024) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2024.2350814 · Cited by 4
“…she defines politeness as ‘the interactional balance achieved between two needs: the need for pragmatic clarity and the need to avoid coerciveness’ (Blum-Kulka, 1987, p.131). she also finds that slanting the balance ‘in favor of either pragmatic clarity or non-coerciveness will decrease…”
InfluentialBeyond sentence grammar: Persian directives in interaction
Kazemian, R., Amouzadeh, M., Heine, B., & Rezaei, H. (2025) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2024.12.010 · Cited by 4
Exploring metapragmatics of politeness lexemes using a computational approach
Chen, X., Shin, G., & Lee, J. (2025) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr-2023-0021 · Cited by 7
Wang, Y., Zhong, X., & Mu, W. (2025) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2025.101370 · Cited by 5
Re-Assessing Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Insistence as a Marker of Affiliation and Connectedness
Eshreteh, M. K. M. (2015) · Cross-cultural communication · Cited by 4
Impoliteness in interlanguage requests of EFL learners in Poland
Szczepaniak-Kozak, A. (2017) · Linguistica Copernicana · doi:10.12775/lincop.2016.016 · Cited by 4
“The collected requests were analyzed in terms of their level of (in)directness, which stands for “the relative length of the inferential path needed to arrive at an utterance’s illocutionary point” (Blum-Kulka 1987: 133).”
BackgroundA Study of Requests Made by Negative Politeness in English Movies and Their Persian Subtitles
Yaghoubzadeh, S. (2021) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.1102.15 · Cited by 4
“‘jo’ (6) SL: I would love to read what you’re writing, if you’ll trust me.”
Bartali, V. (2022) · Lodz Papers in Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/lpp-2022-0003 · Cited by 4
Off-record indirectness in Jordanian Arabic
Al-Adaileh, B. A. (2023) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr-2022-0047 · Cited by 4
Implicit offensiveness from linguistic and computational perspectives: A study of irony and sarcasm
Bączkowska, A. (2023) · Lodz Papers in Pragmatics · doi:10.1515/lpp-2023-0018 · Cited by 4
'No Thanks': a Socio-Semiotic Approach
Fetzer, A. (2003) · Linguistik Online · doi:10.13092/lo.14.827 · Cited by 4
“More precisely, the social role of an interviewer is a more general notion than the cultural role of a British or a Hebrew interviewer (Blum-Kulka 1987).”
Insistence among family and friends in Quiteño Spanish: From connectedness to empowerment?
Placencia, M. E. (2008) · BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) · Cited by 4
Prophet Muhammad's Linguistic Etiquette
(2022) · Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature · doi:10.47012/jjmll.14.1.7 · Cited by 4
Language Comprehension, Inference, and Alternatives
Skordos, D., & Barner, D. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.1 · Cited by 4
The Role of Entitlement in Formatting Preferences Across Requesters and Recipients
Trott, S., & Rossano, F. (2020) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2020.1719796 · Cited by 4
“This is consistent with past work, which has found that politeness does not always scale linearly with indirectness (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Holtgraves & Yang, 1990; Kellermann & Shea, 1996).”
BackgroundResultPragmatic Politeness of the Imperative Speech Used by the Elementary School Language Teachers
Raihany, A., & Rabbianty, E. N. (2021) · OKARA Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra · doi:10.19105/ojbs.v15i1.3810 · Cited by 4
Expressing Demands or Offers: How to Promote Volunteering Using Visual and Verbal Appeals
Bünzli, F., Eppler, M. J., Stanoevska‐Slabeva, K., & Hofer, A. (2022) · International Journal of Business Communication · doi:10.1177/23294884221104799 · Cited by 4
“Explicit persuasive messages, including commands, impose a specific choice upon the recipient and, by doing so, are more likely to be seen as a threat to freedom (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Martin et al., 2003; O’Keefe, 1997; Shen & Bigsby, 2014).”
BackgroundBrooks, P. J., & Parshina, O. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.5 · Cited by 4
Miten tutkia kohteliaisuutta? Käsityksiä suomalaisesta ja ranskalaisesta kohteliaisuudesta
Isosävi, J. (2023) · doi:10.21435/tl.284 · Cited by 4
The Role of Gender and Social Power in the Use of Advice-giving Strategies in Algerian Arabic
Lounis, K., Alghazo, S. M., Al-Sabbagh, R., & Rabab'ah, G. A. (2024) · International Journal of Arabic-English Studies · doi:10.33806/ijaes.v25i1.690 · Cited by 4
Rebollo-Couto, L., & Rilliard, A. O. B. (2024) · Cadernos de Tradução · doi:10.5007/2175-7968.2024.e99158 · Cited by 4
“En actos directivos, en situaciones formales con desconocidos vemos (40), (41) y (42) tres ejemplos de atenuaciones de peticiones dirigidas hacia desconocidos (Dias & Godoi, 2011) que mitigan la fuerza impositiva de las peticiones (Blum-Kulka, 1987; Briz & Albelda, 2020).”
BackgroundSimatupang, M. S., & Naibaho, L. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210615.033 · Cited by 4
“The three rules are (1) formality, (2) uncertainty, and (3) equality or equality.”
BackgroundLa cortesía verbal: estudio pragmalingüístico
Nuessel, F. (1995) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/0024-3841(95)90007-1 · Cited by 4
Long, M. H., Grañena, G., & Yılmaz, Y. (2016) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004323865 · Cited by 4
Realisation of requests in intercultural negotiations. On pragmatic method
Neumann, I. (2017) · HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business · doi:10.7146/hjlcb.v8i15.25367 · Cited by 4
Imperatives and directive strategies from a functional-typological perspective:an introduction
Olmen, D. V., & Heinold, S. (2017) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 4
Schemas, authentic texts and cross-cultural communication
Kirkpatrick, A. (1992) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics Series S · doi:10.1075/aralss.9.07kir · Cited by 4
Tonhauser, J. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.30 · Cited by 5
Imperatives and directive strategies from a functional-typological perspective
Olmen, D. V., & Heinold, S. (2017) · Studies in language companion series · doi:10.1075/slcs.184.01van · Cited by 4
A Discourse Analysis of Chinese Disagreement Management Strategies in Business Negotiation Settings
Shen, L. (2006) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 4
An exploratory sociolinguistic study of key areas for politeness work in Saudi academic emails
Hariri, N. A. (2017) · Figshare · Cited by 4
Politeness and offering in Libyan Arabic hospitality
mansour, F. A. (2017) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00053 · Cited by 4
“…are associated with facethreatening; this association between face threatening and directives has been explored by many researchers working on politeness and the management of interpersonal relations in different languages and cultures such as (Wierzbicka, 1985; Blum-Kulka, 1987; Sifianou, 1992).”
BackgroundRoss, A. (2018) · doi:10.22215/etd/2018-13238 · Cited by 4
“way that is inappropriate in certain contexts (Blum-Kulka, 1987).”
BackgroundWorkplace email communication in New Zealand and Malaysia: Three case studies
Yeoh, J. L. K. (2014) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17006173.v1 · Cited by 4
Keshavarz, M., & Bahri, H. (2024) · Contrastive Pragmatics · doi:10.1163/26660393-bja10121 · Cited by 3
Szczepaniak-Kozak, A. (2016) · Second language learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30373-4_13 · Cited by 3
Directives in Japanese Workplace Discourse
Geyer, N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63549-1_8 · Cited by 4
Kasper, G., & Rose, K. R. (2002) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.2002.tb00030.x · Cited by 3
Diplomatic letters from the Republic of Ragusa in the fifteenth century
Lalić, A. (2023) · Journal of Historical Pragmatics · doi:10.1075/jhp.00060.lal · Cited by 3
The Effect of L1 Linguistic and Cultural Background on L2 Pragmatic Competence
Karpava, S. (2025) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages10050112 · Cited by 3
Rost-Roth, M. (2011) · Linguistik Online · doi:10.13092/lo.49.329 · Cited by 3
Gender Differences in Request - A Statistical Analysis of American English in the NICT JLE Corpus
Ishikawa, Y. (2013) · Cited by 3
Lazzaro-Salazar, M. V., & Pujol-Cols, L. (2020) · Lengua y migración · doi:10.37536/lym.12.1.2020.1044 · Cited by 3
Performative verbs in requests: evidence from eighteenth-century letters
Cerqueiro, F. F. (2017) · Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica · doi:10.18172/cif.2955 · Cited by 3
“Blum-Kulka (1987) and Blum-Kulka et al. (1989) offer a catalogue of the different request strategies in Present-day English from more direct to more indirect ones, as shown in Table 1 below.”
BackgroundPerception of Prosodic and Aspectual Cues to Politeness in Teacher Directives in L1 and L2 Russian
Васильевич, Д. П., & Fokina, M. (2022) · Journal of language and Education · doi:10.17323/jle.2022.11859 · Cited by 3
Czerwionka, L., Staszkiewicz, B., & Shamloo, F. (2023) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages8030202 · Cited by 4
Request Strategies in Saudi ESL Learners’ Email Communication: A Pragmatic Analysis
Alsalem, N. K. (2024) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.17507/jltr.1502.22 · Cited by 3
The effect of extralinguistic variables on verb selection in Italian requests
Staszkiewicz, B., Czerwionka, L., & Concu, V. (2024) · Journal of Politeness Research · doi:10.1515/pr-2023-0009 · Cited by 3
Ruytenbeek, N. (2024) · Handbook of pragmatics online/Handbook of pragmatics · doi:10.1075/hop.27.ind3 · Cited by 3
Heritage Russian in contact with Hebrew and German: A cross-linguistic study of requests
Avramenko, M., Warditz, V., & Meir, N. (2024) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069241298767 · Cited by 3
“The coding schemata followed the example of the studies conducted by M. H. Mills (1991), Blum-Kulka (1987), and I. Y. Dubinina (2012).”
Cyclic Change in Grammar and Discourse
Hansen, M. M., & Waltereit, R. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198940661.001.0001 · Cited by 3
Investigating the Speech Act of Correction in Iraqi EFL Context.
Darweesh, A. D., & Mehdi, W. S. (2016) · Cited by 3
Politeness in Language by the Politicians in the Discourse of Jakarta Election
AGUSTINA, A. (2018) · International Conference on Languages and Arts (ICLA) · doi:10.2991/icla-17.2018.20 · Cited by 3
Mapson, R. P. (2020) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.311.07map · Cited by 3
Introduction: Challenges of L2 Oral Communication in EFL Contexts
Jamshidnejad, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-55057-8_1 · Cited by 3
(2022) · Jordan Journal of Modern Languages and Literature · doi:10.47012/jjmll.14.1.12 · Cited by 4
Holtgraves, T. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.32 · Cited by 3
Steele, C. R. (2006) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 3
Moradi, N., & Jabbari, M. J. (2014) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.4n.2p.143 · Cited by 3
Rakenne, tilanne ja kohteliaisuus. Pyynnöt S2-oppikirjoissa ja autenttisissa keskusteluissa
Tanner, J. (2012) · Virittäjä · doi:10.23982/vir.6765 · Cited by 3
Linguistic Politeness—A Major Tool for Cross-cultural Requests
Bosuwon, T. (2015) · The New English Teacher · Cited by 3
Deutschsprachige elektronische Ablehnungsschreiben als Antwort auf Reklamationen
Decock, S. (2016) · Germanistische Mitteilungen · doi:10.33675/gm/2015/2/4 · Cited by 3
Inappropriateness in Iraqi EFL Learners’ E-mail Requests to Professor
Ali, S. A., & Pandian, A. (2016) · IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies · doi:10.21013/jems.v3.n3.p13 · Cited by 3
Ahangar, A. A., & Dastuyi, S. Z. (2016) · Studia Linguistica · doi:10.1111/stul.12056 · Cited by 3
Producing and managing restricted activities
Chevalier, F. H. G., & Moore, J. (2015) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.255.01che · Cited by 3
Requesting in Vietnamese as a second language
Nguyen, T. T. M., & Baştürkmen, H. (2013) · NIE Digital Repository (National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University) · Cited by 3
Hasta perder la última gota de mi sangre
King, J. (2018) · Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series 4, Current issues in linguistic theory · doi:10.1075/cilt.340.07kin · Cited by 3
Direct Speech Act in Communication between Saudi Arabian Family Members
Alfaleh, S. (2019) · International Journal of Language & Linguistics · doi:10.30845/ijll.v6n1p12 · Cited by 3
“I Think It Might Help If We Multiply, and Not Add”: Detecting Indirectness in Conversation
Goel, P., Matsuyama, Y., Madaio, M., & Cassell, J. (2019) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9443-0_3 · Cited by 3
Safari, A. A. A. (2020) · Script Journal Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching · doi:10.24903/sj.v5i2.496 · Cited by 3
Grigoroglou, M., & Anna Papafragou, A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.18 · Cited by 3
The speech Act of Offer: A Theoretical Review
Haddad, S. A.-K. A. (2021) · ARGUMENTUM · doi:10.34103/argumentum/2021/6 · Cited by 3
Greeting and leave-taking in Texas
Michno, J. (2017) · Spanish in Context · doi:10.1075/sic.14.1.01mic · Cited by 4
Kasper, G. (1997) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/hop.2.pol1 · Cited by 3
Pouscoulous, N., & Dulcinati, G. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.19 · Cited by 3
Dykstra, L. K. (2006) · doi:10.17077/etd.dgyr6zq8 · Cited by 3
“…research has examined the acquisition of ILP features, especially in the area of speech act acquisition (cf. requests Achiba, 2002; Bilbow, 1995; Blum-Kulka, 1987; Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, 1989; Ellis, 1992; Hassall, 1999; advice, Bordería-García, 2006; Goldsmith & Fitch, 1997; Hinkel,…”
A Cross-cultural Investigation of Refusals by Turkish-speaking EFL Learners: A Case Study
Aksoyalp, Y. (2009) · Eastern Mediterranean University Institutional Repository (Eastern Mediterranean University) · Cited by 3
A comparison of the realization of requestive speech acts in Italian and German
Venuti, I. (2013) · Cited by 3
English for airline purposes in Taiwan : directive speech acts for the check-in counters
Lee, J.-M. (2015) · ERA · Cited by 3
Kim, H. (2009) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 3
Kasper, G. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470758434.ch5 · Cited by 3
Studia Linguistica Hungarica 33 (2021)
Authors, A. (2021) · Studia Linguistica Hungarica · doi:10.54888/slh.2021.33 · Cited by 3
Cultural nuances in pre-request speech acts: a pragmatic analysis of the Minangkabau language
Revita, I., Oktavianus, O., Zalfikhe, F. A., et al. (2025) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2024.2449285 · Cited by 2
“Following the work of Blum-Kulka (1987b) that explained the pre-request speech acts were classified according to their context-specific relevance, linguistic characteristics and pragmatic aims. triangulation was used to validate the data. this involved triangulating data from transcripts,…”
Egyptian advice in casual conversations: A deep dive with corpus-based insights
Al-Sabbagh, R. (2025) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2025.04.002 · Cited by 3
Prodanović, M., & Avlijaš, G. (2016) · Nastava i vaspitanje · doi:10.5937/nasvas1603583p · Cited by 2
“…can been seen from the above examples, the requests characterised by speaker orientation, mostly mirror the so-called want or need statements (Blum Kulka, 1987), and were performed in the form of affirmative sentences, rather than questions, which put the hearer in the position to recognise and…”
BackgroundKorean EFL learners’ development of interlanguage pragmatics in speech act of request
이지영 (2015) · Journal of the Korea English Education Society · doi:10.18649/jkees.2015.14.2.93 · Cited by 2
Pragmatics: Leadership and Team Communication in Emergency Medicine Training
Atkins, S., & Chałupnik, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68184-5_11 · Cited by 3
Ladonina, N. A. (2020) · Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem · doi:10.12731/2077-1770-2020-1-123-134 · Cited by 2
Modalized speech acts in a spoken learner corpus: The case ofcanandcould
Huschová, P. (2021) · Topics in Linguistics · doi:10.2478/topling-2021-0003 · Cited by 5
Xu, X., & Bridges, S. (2021) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.11.006 · Cited by 2
Rohde, H. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.21 · Cited by 2
Die formale und funktionale Entwicklung vonbitte
Ackermann, T. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik · doi:10.1515/zgl-2023-2006 · Cited by 2
Conflict, communication and team collaboration: a comparison of Nigerians and US Americans
Donohue, W. A., Cai, D. A., Fink, E. L., & Umana, E. A. (2023) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-07-2022-0123 · Cited by 4
Norms and Normativity in Indirectness Across Cultures
Grainger, K. P. (2023) · Advances in (im)politeness studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37064-9_3 · Cited by 2
Corbeau, E., & Thiberge, G. (2024) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716424000146 · Cited by 3
(Im)Politeness in Vedic Sanskrit
Orecilla, F. J. R. (2024) · Journal of Historical Pragmatics · doi:10.1075/jhp.23013.rub · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Blum-Kulka, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Pragmatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1987-04
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-146
- ISSN
- 0378-2166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974543382
- Cited by
- 891
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 29.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pragmatics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
- Keywords
- indirectness, politeness, requests, politeness theory, coerciveness, face, hints, Hebrew language, English language
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review