The development of cognitive flexibility beyond the preschool period: An investigation using a modified Flexible Item Selection Task
Abstract
We explored the development of cognitive flexibility in typically developing 6-, 8-, and 10-year-olds and adults by modifying a common cognitive flexibility task, the Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST). Although performance on the standard FIST reached ceiling by 8 years, FIST performance on other variations continued to improve until 10 years of age. Within a detailed task analysis, we also explored working memory storage and processing components of executive function and how these contribute to the development of cognitive flexibility. The findings reinforce the notion that cognitive flexibility is a multifaceted construct but that the development of working memory contributes in part to age-related change in this ability.
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Cognitive flexibility emerges in early life, increases sharply between 7 and 9 years of age, develops protractedly, becomes largely mature by age 20, continues to improve through adolescence and adulthood, peaks between 21 and 30 years, and then declines in later life.
“Cognitive flexibility emerges in early life, showing sharp increases between 7–9 years of age, then follows a protracted development throughout young adulthood, becoming largely mature by age 20 (40,41). However, this skill continues to improve throughout adolescence and adulthood, peaking between 21–30 years of age before declining in later life (40,42,43).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Dick, A. S.
- Affiliations
- Florida International University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dick, Anthony Steven
- ORCID
- Dick, Anthony Steven
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 125
- Pages
- 13-34
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2116623527
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 4.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- cognitive flexibility, cognitive development, working memory, executive function, age differences, children, adults, task analysis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child Development, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Task Performance and Analysis, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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