Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases

Erlander, Mark G.; Tillakaratne, Niranjala J.K.; Feldblum, Sophie; Patel, Neela; Tobin, Allan J.

doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90077-d

Cited by 1,213Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchAmino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismAldose Reductase and Taurine

Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases

Erlander, Mark G., Tillakaratne, Niranjala J.K., Feldblum, Sophie, Patel, Neela, Tobin, Allan J.·1991·Neuron

DOI 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90077-d

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Abstract

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most widely distributed known inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. GABA also serves regulatory and trophic roles in several other organs, including the pancreas. The brain contains two forms of the GABA synthetic enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which differ in molecular size, amino acid sequence, antigenicity, cellular and subcellular location, and interaction with the GAD cofactor pyridoxal phosphate. These forms, GAD65 and GAD67, derive from two genes. The distinctive properties of the two GADs provide a substrate for understanding not only the multiple roles of GABA in the nervous system, but also the autoimmune response to GAD in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

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In the cell-type-specific networks, the authors found well-known transcription factors associated with brain development, including NEUROG1, DLGAP2, and MEF2A for excitatory neurons and GAD1, GAD2, and LHX6 for inhibitory neurons.
“In these, we found a number of well-known TFs associated with brain development—e.g., NEUROG1, DLGAP2, and MEF2A for excitatory neurons and GAD1, GAD2, and LHX6 for inhibitory neurons (Fig. 5G) (43–46).”
From Comprehensive functional genomic resource and integrative model for the human brain (2018) · cites this paper as [45]
GRIK4 displays complex chromatin interactions with multiple Glu peaks, and GAD1 is engaged in GABA peaks via chromatin interactions.
“GRIK4, a gene that encodes an ionotropic class of glutamate receptor36, displayed complex chromatin interactions with multiple Glu peaks. In contrast, GAD1, a gene that encodes a well-known cellular marker for inhibitory neurons37, was engaged in GABA peaks via chromatin interactions (Supplementary Fig. 8c).”
From Neuronal and glial 3D chromatin architecture informs the cellular etiology of brain disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [37]

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Authors: Erlander, M. G., Tillakaratne, N. J. K., Feldblum, S., Patel, N., & Tobin, A. J.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Erlander, Mark G.
Venue: Neuron
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1991-07
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 91-100
ISSN: 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(91)90077-d
OpenAlex: W2092246706
Cited by: 1,213
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 19.17
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuron (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Aldose Reductase and Taurine
Keywords: glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD65, GAD67, GABA, GABA synthesis, pyridoxal phosphate cofactor, type 1 diabetes, autoimmunity, inhibitory neurotransmitter
MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antigens, Bacteria, Brain, Genes, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Molecular Sequence Data, Pyridoxal Phosphate, RNA, Messenger, Subcellular Fractions, Rats

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Two genes encode distinct glutamate decarboxylases

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