Cited by 1,153Gut microbiota and healthProbiotics and Fermented FoodsInfant Nutrition and Health

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The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora

Berg, R·1996·Trends in Microbiology

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Abstract

The indigenous gastrointestinal (GI) tract microflora has profound effects on the anatomical, physiological and immunological development of the host. The indigenous microflora stimulates the host immune system to respond more quickly to pathogen challenge and, through bacterial antagonism, inhibits colonization of the GI tract by overt exogenous pathogens. Indigenous GI bacteria are also opportunistic pathogens and can translocate across the mucosal barrier to cause systemic infection in debilitated hosts.

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Crossref · 10.1016/0966-842x(96)10057-3

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Background
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Background
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Background
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“The mammalian GI tract harbors a dense and diverse community of bacteria, containing up to 10(14) CFU of bacteria, some ten times the number of host cells [1].”
Background
Accumulation of Stimulants of Toll‐Like Receptor (TLR)‐2 and TLR4 in Meat Products Stored at 5 °C
Erridge, C. (2011) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02018.x · Cited by 26
Virome biogeography in the lower gastrointestinal tract of rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea
Zhao, G., Droit, L., Gilbert, M. H., Schiro, F. R., Didier, P. J., Si, X., Paredes, A. M., Handley, S. A., Virgin, H. W., Bohm, R. P., et al. (2018) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.001 · Cited by 25
“The lower bacterial numbers in the small intestine have been attributed to low pH and short transit time (Berg, 1996).”
Background
Composition and antagonistic activity of the indigenous intestinal microbiota of Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz
Silva, F. C. P., de Brito, M. F. G., Farias, L. M., & Nicoli, J. R. (2005) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00877.x · Cited by 26
Influence of normal microbiota on some aspects of the immune response during experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in mice
Duarte, R., da Silva, A. M., Vieira, L. Q., Afonso, L., & Nicoli, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45657-0 · Cited by 26
“From the early days of life, human beings are associated with a very large and complex microbiota that, by its size, should be considered as a functionally active organ, the full potential of which remains to be elucidated (Berg, 1996).”
Background
Characterisation of the bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tracts of elk (Cervus canadensis)
Kim, J., Hong, S. W., Park, B.-Y., Yoo, J. G., & Oh, M. (2018) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/s10482-018-1150-5 · Cited by 25
“However, in the healthy gut, Enterobacteriaceae species are generally present in very low densities (\ 108 CFU/g) (Berg 1996).”
Background
First characterization of the gut microbiome associated with Mytilus chilensis collected at a mussel farm and from a natural environment in Chile
Santibañez, P., Romalde, J. L., Maldonado, J. E., Fuentes, D. E., & Figueroa, J. E. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737644 · Cited by 25
Prevalence of potentially pathogenic culturable bacteria on eggshells and in cloacae of female Pied Flycatchers in a temperate habitat in central Spain
Ruiz‐de‐Castañeda, R., Vela, A. I., Lobato, E., Dieste, V. B., & Moreno, J. (2011) · Journal of Field Ornithology · doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00324.x · Cited by 25
Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Microflora in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Before and After Restorative Proctocolectomy with an Ileoanal Pouch
de Almeida, M. G., Kiss, D. R., Zilberstein, B., Quintanilha, A. G., Teixeira, M. G., & Habr‐Gama, A. (2008) · Diseases of the Colon & Rectum · doi:10.1007/s10350-008-9347-8 · Cited by 25
“Two distinct modes of intestinal bacterial ecology can be found: bacteria that regularly pass through in the feces are known as transitional microflora, and established colonies of bacteria specific to each individual are known as indigenous microflora.(4) Only recently has attention focused on the microflora of the c…”
Background
Screening and characterization of lactic acid bacteria from fermented milk.
Lavanya, B., Sowmiya, S., Balaji, S., & Muthuvelan, B. (2011) · British Journal of Dairy Sciences · Cited by 25
Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla)
Vlčková, K., Gomez, A. M., Petrželková, K. J., Whittier, C. A., Todd, A. F., Yeoman, C. J., Nelson, K. E., Wilson, B. A., Stumpf, R. M., Modrý, D., et al. (2016) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-016-0745-5 · Cited by 23
“Similarly, the GI microbiome is an integral part of the host’s immune system, protecting the host from infection by pathogenic microorganisms and constituting a mucosal defense barrier [1, 2].”
Background
Design of a Microbiota Sampling Capsule using 3D-Printed Bistable Mechanism
Salem, M. B., Aiche, G., Rubbert, L., Renaud, P., & Haddab, Y. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513141 · Cited by 25
“107 bacteria according to [10].”
Characterization of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from the feces of breast-feeding piglets
Cho, I. J., Lee, N. K., & Hahm, Y. T. (2009) · Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.03.015 · Cited by 25
Tumor targeting by computer controlled guidance of Magnetotactic Bacteria acting like autonomous microrobots
Felfoul, O., Mohammadi, M., Gaboury, L. A., & Martel, S. M. (2011) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2011.6094991 · Cited by 25
“ACTERIA that are present in the human body outnumber human cells by a factor of 10 to 1 [1].”
Background
Review article: colitis‐associated cancer – time for new strategies
Shanahan, F. (2003) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.18.s2.5.x · Cited by 25
Nutritionally Attenuating the Human Gut Microbiome To Prevent and Manage Metabolic Syndrome
Louis-Jean, S. F., & Martirosyan, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04879 · Cited by 24
Sensitivity of sheep intestinal lactic acid bacteria to secondary compounds extracted from Acacia saligna leaves
Salem, A. Z. M., Robinson, P. H., López, S., Gohar, Y. M., Rubio, R. R., & Tinoco, J. L. (2010) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.003 · Cited by 25
Chlorogenic acid decreased intestinal permeability and ameliorated intestinal injury in rats via amelioration of mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction
Zhou, Y., Ruan, Z., Zhou, L., Yang, Y., Mi, S., Deng, Z., & Yin, Y. (2016) · Food Science and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10068-016-0037-3 · Cited by 24
Black Adzuki Bean ( Vigna angularis ) Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Colon Inflammation in Mice
Yook, J., Kim, K., Kim, M. K., & Cha, Y. (2017) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2016.3821 · Cited by 24
“Specifically, the gut harbors microflora such as gram-negative bacteria that produce LPS, which can potentially translocate from the gut into the blood and cause low-grade inflammation.(10,11) A growing body of evidence indicates that impairment of the intestinal mucosal barrier via tight junction damage and altered m…”
Microflora imbalance and gastrointestinal diseases
Ojetti, V., Gigante, G. E., Ainora, M. E., Fiore, F., Barbaro, F., & Gasbarrini, A. (2009) · Digestive and Liver Disease Supplements · doi:10.1016/s1594-5804(09)60017-6 · Cited by 24
“In the adult, the human intestine harbours a large amount of microorganisms, with significant differences in the composition and distribution of intestinal flora along the gastrointestinal tract [1].”
Background
Why Don't We Bud?
Isolauri, E., Grönlund, M., Salminen, & Arvilommi, H. S. (2000) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-200002000-00021 · Cited by 24
Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut microflora metabolic biomarkers in fed and fasted rats
Mountzouris, K. C., Kotzampassi, K. E., Tsirtsikos, P., Kapoutzis, K., & Fegeros, K. (2009) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.009 · Cited by 24
Probióticos e prebióticos na atenção primária ao câncer de cólon
Denipote, F. G., Trindade, E. B. S. D. M., & Burini, R. C. (2010) · Arquivos de Gastroenterologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-28032010000100016 · Cited by 24
“Já o cólon contém complexo e dinâmico ecossistema microbiótico, com grande concentração de bactérias, chegando a atingir mais de 1011 a 1012 unidades formadoras de colônia por mililitros(4, 23).”
Background
Endotoxemia is modulated by quantity and quality of dietary fat in older adults
López-Moreno, J., García‐Carpintero, S., Gómez-Delgado, F., Jiménez-Lucena, R., Vals‐Delgado, C., Alcala-Diaz, J. F., Roncero‐Ramos, I., Rangel-Zúñiga, O. A., Yubero‐Serrano, E. M., Malagón, M. M., et al. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.006 · Cited by 23
“It has been shown that the gut lumen contains over 1 g of LPS, a component of the Gram (−) bacterial cell wall (Berg, 1996).”
Monitoring the Reaction of the Body State to Antibiotic Treatment against Helicobacter pylori via Infrared Spectroscopy: A Case Study
Maiti, K. S., & Apolonski, A. A. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26113474 · Cited by 23
[Lactic Acid Bacteria] Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
Ann, Y.-G. (2011) · The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition · doi:10.9799/ksfan.2011.24.4.817 · Cited by 24
Effect of Gum Arabic on Glucose Levels and Microbial Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in White Rice Porridge Model and Mixed Grain Porridge Model
Hu, J., Nie, S., Li, N., Min, F., Li, C., Gong, D., & Xie, M. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf501557b · Cited by 23
Quantifying the impact of treatment history on plasmid-mediated resistance evolution in human gut microbiota
Tepekule, B., Wiesch, P. A. Z., Kouyos, R. D., & Bonhoeffer, S. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912188116 · Cited by 23
Classical methods and perspectives for manipulating the human gut microbial ecosystem
Avalos, J. A. J., Arrevillaga-Boni, G., González‐López, L., García-Carvajal, Z. Y., & González‐Ávila, M. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1724075 · Cited by 23
Intestinal Bacteria and Their Influence on Swine Growth
Gaskins, H. R. (2000) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420041842.ch26 · Cited by 23
Early life receipt of antibiotics and atopic disorder
opkin, H. (1999) · Clinical & Experimental Allergy · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00622.x · Cited by 23
Pathogen- and Microbial- Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) and the Innate Immune Response in Crohn’s Disease
Schaefer, A. K., Melnyk, J. E., He, Z., del Rosario, J. F., & Grimes, C. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-805417-8.00014-7 · Cited by 22
Short-Term Soy and Probiotic Supplementation Does Not Markedly Affect Concentrations of Reproductive Hormones in Postmenopausal Women with and Without Histories of Breast Cancer
Nettleton, J. A., Greany, K. A., Thomas, W. T. B., Wangen, K. E., Adlercreutz, H., & Kurzer, M. S. (2005) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2005.11.1067 · Cited by 22
“50 In the present study no significant differences in plasma hormone concentrations were found between equol producers and nonproducers, and equol-producer status did not modify the effects of the intervention.”
Role of Gut-Brain Axis in the Aetiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders with Reference to Autism
Rizk, M. Z. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.4172/2161-0495.s6-005 · Cited by 23
“During the first months and years of life the neonatal gastrointestinal tract is colonized with an adult-type pattern of indigenous gut microflora finally comprising approximately 1014 microorganisms, that is 10 times more than the number of eukaryotic cells in the adult body [20].”
Background
Synergistic effect of methylene blue and biogenic gold nanoparticles against Enterococcus faecalis
Maliszewska, I. H., Wróbel, J., Wanarska, E., Podhorodecki, A., & Matczyszyn, K. (2019) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.042 · Cited by 22
Effects of yeast probiotic formulation on viability, revival and protection against infection withSalmonella entericassp.entericaserovar Typhimurium in mice
Martins, F. S., Veloso, L., Arantes, R. M. E., & Nicoli, J. R. (2009) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02732.x · Cited by 22
“Three main functions of this microbiota are important for the host health: colonization resistance, immunomodulation and nutritional contribution (Berg 1996).”
Background
Gut Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications
Balakrishnan, R., Kang, S.-I., Lee, J. Y., Rho, Y., Kim, B.-K., & Choi, D. (2024) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2024.1362 · Cited by 22
“The assemblage of microorganisms — comprising viruses, fungi, archaea, and bacteria — living in the gastrointestinal tract is collectively called the gut microbiota [12, 13].”

Authors: Berg, R.
Affiliations: Louisiana State University (US)
Corresponding author: Berg, R
Venue: Trends in Microbiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 4
Issue: 11
Pages: 430-435
ISSN: 0966-842X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0966-842x(96)10057-3
OpenAlex: W2087484128
Cited by: 1,153
References: 17
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 3.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Trends in Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Keywords: gastrointestinal tract, host-pathogen interaction, bacterial antagonism, colonization resistance, opportunistic pathogens, mucosal barrier, systemic infection, host-microbe interactions
MeSH terms: Animals, Digestive System, Ecology, Humans, Mouth, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena

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