Cited by 1,153Gut microbiota and healthProbiotics and Fermented FoodsInfant Nutrition and Health

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The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora

Berg, R·1996·Trends in Microbiology

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Abstract

The indigenous gastrointestinal (GI) tract microflora has profound effects on the anatomical, physiological and immunological development of the host. The indigenous microflora stimulates the host immune system to respond more quickly to pathogen challenge and, through bacterial antagonism, inhibits colonization of the GI tract by overt exogenous pathogens. Indigenous GI bacteria are also opportunistic pathogens and can translocate across the mucosal barrier to cause systemic infection in debilitated hosts.

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Crossref · 10.1016/0966-842x(96)10057-3

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Celiker, C., & Kalkan, R. (2020) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-020-10849-9 · Cited by 15
“It has been found that it contains more than 3 million different genes, which in reality makes a further 150 occurrences greater genetically wide-ranged, than the human frame itself (Berg 1996).”
Background
Current Prevalence of Oral Helicobacter pylori among Japanese Adults Determined Using a Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay
Nagata, R., Ohsumi, T., Takenaka, S., & Noiri, Y. (2020) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10010010 · Cited by 15
“The nested PCR method used in this study could det l ri i oral samples with no false-positiv results if the co centrati n of the t 10 CFU/mL, indicating that the primer ets were ighly ensitive an ific.”
BackgroundInfluential
Production of Xylooligosaccharide from Cassava Pulp’s Waste by Endo-β-1,4-D-Xylanase and Characterization of Its Prebiotic Effect by Fermentation of Lactobacillus acidophilus
Ratnadewi, A. A. I., Rahma, M. T., Nurhayati, N., Santoso, A. B., Senjarini, K., Labes, A., & Reza, M. (2022) · Fermentation · doi:10.3390/fermentation8100488 · Cited by 15
Efeito bifidogênico do frutooligossacarídeo na microbiota intestinal de pacientes com neoplasia hematológica
Búrigo, T., Fagundes, R. L. M., Trindade, E. B. S. D. M., & Vasconcelos, H. C. F. F. (2007) · Revista de Nutrição · doi:10.1590/s1415-52732007000500005 · Cited by 15
Effect of a Lactobacillus Species on Incidence of Diarrhea in Calves and Change of the Microflora Associated with Growth
Nagashima, K., Yasokawa, D., Abe, K., Nakagawa, R., Kitamura, T., Miura, T., & Kogawa, S. (2010) · Bioscience and Microflora · doi:10.12938/bifidus.29.97 · Cited by 16
Dirac's large number hypothesis: A journey from concept to implication
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Application of rumen microbial genome information to livestock systems in the postgenomic era
Attwood, G. T., Kelly, W. J., Altermann, E., Moon, C. D., Leahy, S. C., & Cookson, A. L. (2008) · Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture · doi:10.1071/ea07408 · Cited by 15
Human lactic acid microflora and its role in the welfare of the host.
Mikelsaar, M., Mändar, R., Sepp, E., Annuk, H., Salminen, S., & Ouwehand, A. C. (2004) · doi:10.1201/9780824752033-21 · Cited by 15
Demographic Influences on Bacterial Population Structure
Balloux, F. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470600122.ch6 · Cited by 15
Mechanisms of Rice Endophytic Bradyrhizobial Cell Differentiation and Its Role in Nitrogen Fixation
Greetatorn, T., Hashimoto, S., Maeda, T., Fukudome, M., Piromyou, P., Teamtisong, K., Tittabutr, P., Boonkerd, N., Kawaguchi, M., Uchiumi, T., et al. (2020) · Microbes and Environments · doi:10.1264/jsme2.me20049 · Cited by 15
Probiotics in treating with alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Liu, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, C., Li, Y., Dai, W., Piao, C., Liu, J., Yu, H., Li, X., et al. (2021) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2021.1967380 · Cited by 14
Can probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation modulate the gut-liver axis in type 2 diabetes? A narrative and systematic review of clinical trials
Al-Najjar, Y. A., Arabi, M., Paul, P., & Châari, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1052619 · Cited by 14
“The indigenous bacterial population of the human intestine is composed of around 100 trillion bacteria, almost 10 times more cells than there are in the human body (12).”
Background
Horizontal gene transfer of molecular weapons can reshape bacterial competition
Granato, E. T., Palmer, J. D., Kirk, C., Sharp, C., Shillcock, G., & Foster, K. R. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003095 · Cited by 14
Honeybee Gastrointestinal Bacteria for Novel and Sustainable Disease Control Strategies
Wu, M., Sugimura, Y., Taylor, D., & Yoshiyama, M. (2013) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.11178/jdsa.8.85 · Cited by 14
“In addition, microbiota colonizing the gastrointestinal tract environment, together with epithelial cells, play important roles in normal gut function and maintaining host health (Berg, 1996).”
Background
Beneficial Effect of Oral Tigecycline Treatment on Clostridium difficile Infection in Gnotobiotic Piglets
Kim, H. B., Zhang, Q., Sun, X., Beamer, G., Wang, Y., & Tzipori, S. R. (2014) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.03447-14 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, disruptions of human gut microflora are closely associated with CDI (13, 14), and some bacterial subpopulations may be particularly vulnerable (15).”
Background
A Detrimental Role of Immunosuppressive Drug, Dexamethasone, During Clostridium difficile Infection in Association with a Gastrointestinal Microbial Shift
Kim, H. B., Wang, Y., & Sun, X. (2016) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.1512.12017 · Cited by 14
“The normal intestinal microflora has a protective mechanism against the incursion of pathogenic bacteria [1, 2].”
Background
Gut microbial communities associated with phenotypically divergent populations of the striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker, 1863)
Zhong, H., Zhang, J., Li, F., & Chen, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94395-y · Cited by 14
Endothelial Caspase-8 prevents fatal necroptotic hemorrhage caused by commensal bacteria
Bader, S. M., Preston, S., Saliba, K., Lipszyc, A. C., Grant, Z. L., Mackiewicz, L., Baldi, A., Hempel, A., Clark, M. P., Peiris, T., et al. (2022) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-022-01042-8 · Cited by 14
“We found that after loss of endothelial Caspase-8, commensal bacteria can initiate necroptosis throughout the small intestine, but the cecum and large intestine were not susceptible to this phenotype despite abundant microorganisms in these regions [40, 41].”
Background
Evolving quorum sensing in digital organisms
Beckmann, B. E., & McKinley, P. K. (2009) · Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) · doi:10.1145/1569901.1569916 · Cited by 14
“Yet, this number is an order of magnitude smaller than the number a bacterial cells living within the gastrointestinal tract of a single adult [4].”
Background
Analysis of the bacterial microbiome in the small octopus, Octopus variabilis , from South Korea to detect the potential risk of foodborne illness and to improve product management
Lee, J.-J., Kim, T., Choi, S. H., & Kim, B. S. (2017) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.084 · Cited by 14
“The microbiota of small octopus includes indigenous bacteria as well as transient or non-indigenous bacteria, including potentially pathogenic microorganisms, can be causal agents of food poisoning (Berg, 1996; Moriarty, 1997).”
Background
Appropriate dose of Lactobacillus buchneri supplement improves intestinal microbiota and prevents diarrhoea in weaning Rex rabbits
Zhou, Y., Ni, X., Wen, B., Duan, L., Sun, H., Yang, M., Zou, F., Lin, Y., Liu, Q., Zeng, Y., et al. (2018) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2017.0055 · Cited by 14
New Approaches to Profile the Microbiome for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease
Elmaleh, D. R., Downey, M. A., Kundakovic, L., Wilkinson, J. E., Neeman, Z., & Segal, E. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210198 · Cited by 14
UV Effects on Living Organisms
Weihs, P., Schmalwieser, A. W., & Schauberger, G. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5764-0_22 · Cited by 16
Dysbiosis in ukrainian children with irritable bowel syndrome affected by natural radiation.
Sajjadieh, M. R. S., Kuznetsova, L. V., & Bojenko, V. B. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 14
Development of gut microbiota in the pig : modulation of bacterial communities by different feeding strategies
Gómez, C., & Soledad, M. (2006) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa) · Cited by 14
Immunohistochemical Study on the Secretory Host Defense System of Bactericidal Peptides in Rat Digestive Organs
Yokoo, Y., MIYATA, H., Udayanga, K. G. S., Qi, W.-M., TAKAHARA, E.-I., YOKOYAMA, T., KAWANO, J., Hoshi, N., & Kitagawa, H. (2010) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.10-0293 · Cited by 14
“The intestinal microflora prevents the colonization of exogenous pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and stimulates the development of the host defense system, so that the host can respond more rapidly to pathogens [4, 11].”
Background
Different Strategies for Reducing Intestinal Background Radioactivity Associated with Imaging HSV1- tk Expression Using Established Radionucleoside Probes
Ruggiero, A., Brader, P., Serganova, I. S., ZANZONICO, P. B., Cai, S., Lipman, N. S., Hricak, H., & Blasberg, R. G. (2010) · Molecular Imaging · doi:10.2310/7290.2010.00006 · Cited by 14
“This commensal population, composed of anaerobic, aerobic and facultative aerobic bacteria, represents a heterogeneous microbial ecosystem containing approximately 1014 bacteria, forming a natural protective barrier and exerting numerous protective, structural and metabolic effects on the intestinal epithelium [15,16].”
Bidirectional association between oral diseases caused by plaque and the inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhang, Y., Bian, C., Yu, C., Zhu, M., Weir, M. D., Xu, H. H. K., Bai, Y., & Zhang, N. (2025) · Japanese Dental Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2025.02.001 · Cited by 16
“In general, Approximately 0.75 – 1.5 liters of saliva is produced daily in the oral cavity, Each milliliter of saliva can contain up to 10 ⁹ bacteria[3] most of which enters the digestive tract via swallowing[4].”
Influential
The Impacts of Animal-Based Diets in Cardiovascular Disease Development: A Cellular and Physiological Overview
Najjar, R. S. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd10070282 · Cited by 17
“This location is of importance, because this section of the small intestine contains substantially lower concentrations of microbes (103–104 bacteria/mL), which are transient, non-local populations, compared with the ileum (108 bacteria/mL) and the colon (1010–1011 bacteria/g), which contain more permanent microbial r…”
Background
The rabbit caecal microbiota: development, composition and its role in the prevention of digestive diseases - a review on recent literature in the light of molecular genetic methods.
Vántus, V. B., Kovács, M., & Zsolnai, A. (2014) · Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis · Cited by 14
Intestinal microbiota: Development, metabolism and functions
Wang, S.-P., Blachier, F., Zhao, F. S., & Yin, Y. (2011) · HAL · Cited by 13
Enhanced propagation of Granulicatella adiacens from human oral microbiota by hyaluronan
Yabuuchi, S., Oiki, S., Minami, S., Takase, R., Watanabe, D., & Hashimoto, W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14857-9 · Cited by 11
Probiotics and human health: Synoptic review.
Maity, T., & Maity, A. (2009) · African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development · doi:10.4314/ajfand.v9i8.48414 · Cited by 14
“Several reports have indicated that 5 Genera account for most of the viable forms of anaerobic bacteria: Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and Fusobacterium [ 4 , 5].”
Background
The Hygiene Hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health
Smith, R. S., Bloomfield, S. F., & Rook, G. A. W. (2012) · Cited by 12
Probiotics and its Effects on Human Health-A Review
Gowri, R. S., Meenambigai, P., Prabhavathi, P. A., Rajeswari, P. R., & Yesudoss, L. A. (2016) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2016.504.046 · Cited by 14
“These bacteria which are necessary for health have the potential to contribute to the development of diseases also by a variety of mechanisms (Berg, 1996; Guarner and Malagelada, 2003).”
Background
Stress tolerance and physicochemical properties of encapsulation processes for Lactobacillus rhamnosus in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit juice
Mishra, A., & Athmaselvi, K. A. (2016) · Food Science and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s10068-016-0019-5 · Cited by 13

Authors: Berg, R.
Affiliations: Louisiana State University (US)
Corresponding author: Berg, R
Venue: Trends in Microbiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1996-11
Volume: 4
Issue: 11
Pages: 430-435
ISSN: 0966-842X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0966-842x(96)10057-3
OpenAlex: W2087484128
Cited by: 1,153
References: 17
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 3.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Trends in Microbiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
Keywords: gastrointestinal tract, host-pathogen interaction, bacterial antagonism, colonization resistance, opportunistic pathogens, mucosal barrier, systemic infection, host-microbe interactions
MeSH terms: Animals, Digestive System, Ecology, Humans, Mouth, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena

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