Prenatal stress: Effects on fetal and child brain development
Abstract
The impact of stress on brain health begins in the womb. Both animal and human studies have found that prenatal maternal stress affects the brain and behavior of the offspring. Stressful life events, exposure to a natural disaster, and symptoms of maternal anxiety and depression increase the risk for the child having a range of emotional, behavioral and/or cognitive problems in later life. These include depression, anxiety, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and/or conduct disorders. There is an increased risk for other outcomes also, including preterm delivery and reduced telomere length, possibly indicative of an accelerated life history. The causal role of prenatal maternal stress on the etiology of the neurodevelopmental disorders is supported by large population cohorts, which have controlled for a wide range of potential confounders, including postnatal maternal mood. More recently, research has begun to explore the biological correlates and mediators of these findings. These studies suggest that the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in mediating the effects of maternal stress on the fetal brain. Further, in vivo brain imaging research reports that maternal stress is associated with changes in limbic and frontotemporal networks, and the functional and microstructural connections linking them. The structural changes include cortical thinning and an enlarged amygdala. While these studies have been conducted on smaller sample sizes and could not control for many confounders, the observed brain changes do plausibly underlie many of the emotional, behavioral and cognitive changes found to be associated with prenatal stress.
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The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis plays a central role in mediating the effect of maternal psychological distress on the fetal brain.
“The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis also plays a central role in mediating the effect of maternal psychological distress on the fetal brain [148].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [148]
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Goelman, G., Ilinca, R., Zohar, I., & Weinstock, M. (2014) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12621 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Schneider, M. L., Moore, C. F., Adkins, M. M., Barr, C. S., Larson, J. A., Resch, L. M., & Roberts, A. D. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12572 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Glover, V. A. S. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13015 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationDuchesne, A., Liu, A., Jones, S. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174417000022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Wu, Y., De Asis-Cruz, J., & Limperopoulos, C. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02449-0 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis also plays a central role in mediating the effect of maternal psychological distress on the fetal brain [148].”
BackgroundPrioritizing Maternal Mental Health in Addressing Morbidity and Mortality
Wisner, K. L., Murphy, C., & Thomas, M. M. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5648 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Neighborhood Crime on Neonatal Functional Connectivity
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Maternal depressive symptoms, neonatal white matter, and toddler social-emotional development
Lautarescu, A., Bonthrone, A. F., Pietsch, M., Batalle, D., Cordero-Grande, L., Tournier, J.-D., Christiaens, D., Hajnal, J. V., Chew, A., Falconer, S., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02073-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Possamai-Della, T., Cararo, J. H., Aguiar-Geraldo, J. M., Peper-Nascimento, J., Zugno, A. I., Fries, G. R., Quevedo, J., & Valvassori, S. S. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03348-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Acosta, H., Kantojärvi, K., Tuulari, J. J., Lewis, J. D., Hashempour, N., Scheinin, N. M., Lehtola, S. J., Nolvi, S., Fonov, V. S., Collins, D. L., et al. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000275 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lautarescu, A., Craig, M., & Glover, V. A. S.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Vivette A. S. Glover
- Venue
- International Review of Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2020
- Volume
- 150
- Pages
- 17-40
- ISSN
- 0074-7742 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2995987390
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 107.27
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International review of neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (1931779)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- prenatal stress, maternal stress, fetal brain development, child brain development, neurodevelopmental disorders, maternal anxiety, maternal depression, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortical thinning, amygdala enlargement, limbic network, fronto-temporal network, preterm birth, telomere length, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Animals, Mental Disorders, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Stress, Psychological, Neuroimaging, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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