Perinatal maternal depressive symptoms alter amygdala functional connectivity in girls
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Perinatal maternal depressive symptoms influence brain development of offspring. Such effects are particularly notable in the amygdala, a key structure involved in emotional processes. This study investigated whether the functional organization of the amygdala varies as a function of pre‐ and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms. The amygdala functional network was assessed using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) in 128 children at age of 4.4 to 4.8 years. Maternal depressive symptoms were obtained at 26 weeks of gestation, 3 months, 1, 2, 3, and 4.5 years after delivery. Linear regression was used to examine associations between maternal depressive symptoms and the amygdala functional network. Prenatal maternal depressive symptoms were significantly associated with the functional connectivity between the amygdala and the cortico‐striatal circuitry, especially the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula, subgenual anterior cingulate (ACC), temporal pole, and striatum. Interestingly, greater pre‐ than post‐natal depressive symptoms were associated with lower functional connectivity of the left amygdala with the bilateral subgenual ACC and left caudate and with lower functional connectivity of the right amygdala with the left OFC, insula, and temporal pole. These findings were only observed in girls but not in boys. Early exposure to maternal depressive symptoms influenced the functional organization of the cortico‐striato‐amygdala circuitry, which is intrinsic to emotional perception and regulation in girls. This suggests its roles in the transgenerational transmission of vulnerability for socio‐emotional problems and depression. Moreover, this study underscored the importance of gender‐dependent developmental pathways in defining the neural circuitry that underlies the risk for depression.
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In young girls, greater maternal depression is associated with weakened connectivity of the amygdala to the cortico-striatal circuitry, particularly in the insula, putamen, orbitofrontal cortex, and temporal pole.
“In young girls, there is an association between greater maternal depression and weakened connectivity of the amygdala to the cortico-striatal circuitry, particularly in the insula, putamen, orbitofrontal cortex, and temporal pole [114].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [114]
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The influence of maternal anxiety and cortisol during pregnancy on childhood anxiety symptoms
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Prenatal Programming of Neurodevelopment: Structural and Functional Changes
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Prenatal stress and its association with amygdala-related structural covariance patterns in youth
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Exploring sex differences in fetal programming for childhood emotional disorders
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Zhang, H., Wong, T. Y., Broekman, B. F. P., Chong, Y. S., Shek, L. P., Gluckman, P. D., Tan, K. H., Meaney, M. J., Fortier, M. V., & Qiu, A. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab081 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of Prenatal Stress on Amygdala Anatomy in Young Adulthood: Timing and Location Matter
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Self-citationNatural Disasters and Pregnancy: Population-Level Stressors and Interventions
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Integrated structural and functional atlases of Asian children from infancy to childhood
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Self-citationSex-Specific Impacts of Prenatal Stress
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Adult Women First Exposed to Early Adversity After 8 Years Old Show Attentional Bias to Threat
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Postnatal maternal distress, infant subcortical brain macrostructure and emotional regulation
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Early environmental influences on the orbito-frontal cortex function and its effects on behavior
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Higher amplitudes of visual networks are associated with trait- but not state-depression
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Functional connectivity analysis of childhood depressive symptoms
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Perinatal Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Postpartum Depression and Therapeutic Opportunities
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Perinatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Brain Connectivity Among 9- to 15-Year-Old Offspring
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Koyama, Y., Tan, A. P., Sadikova, E., Setoh, P., Broekman, B. F. P., Zhou, J. H., Gluckman, P. D., Chen, H., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101531 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Parenting and Offspring Brain Development: What Do We Know?Preprint
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Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders
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Self-citationEvaluar la evolución de la empatía en el tiempo en estudiantes de odontología
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Intergenerational Aspects of Immune and Endocrine Function in Perinatal Depression
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Editorial: Prenatal Depressive Symptoms, Cortical Morphology, and Reward Sensitivity in Preschoolers
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Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders
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Maternal and Fetal Conditions With Consequences for the Fetal Brain
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Sex-specific links between stress regulation in early life and anxiety in middle childhood
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Postnatal distress, neonatal cerebellar myelination and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months
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Perinatal maternal distress and neurobehavioural development in toddlers
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- Authors
- Soe, N. N., Wen, D. J., Poh, J. S., Chong, Y., Broekman, B. F., Chen, H., Shek, L. P., Tan, K. H., Gluckman, P. D., Fortier, M. V., Meaney, M. J., & Qiu, A.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SG)
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital (SG)
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-11-02
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 680-690
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6866529
- OpenAlex
- W2765587541
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 3.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Medical Research Council (NMRC/TCR/004‐NUS/2008, NMRC/TCR/012‐NUHS/2014, NMRC/CBRG/0039/2013)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- maternal depressive symptoms, perinatal depression, amygdala functional connectivity, orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, insula, temporal pole, caudate nucleus, sex differences, girls, early childhood, social-emotional development, depression risk, transgenerational transmission
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Brain Mapping, Child, Preschool, Depression, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mothers, Neural Pathways, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prospective Studies, Rest
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