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Cited by 8Memory Processes and InfluencesDeception detection and forensic psychologyStress Responses and Cortisol

Facing stress: No effect of acute stress at encoding or retrieval on face recognition memory

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Marr, Carey, Quaedflieg, Conny W.E.M., Otgaar, Henry, Hope, Lorraine, Sauerland, Melanie·2021·Acta Psychologica
DOI 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103376
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Abstract

Eyewitnesses may experience stress during a crime and when attempting to identify the perpetrator subsequently. Laboratory studies can provide insight into how acute stress at encoding and retrieval affects memory performance. However, previous findings exploring this issue have been mixed. Across two preregistered experiments, we examined the effects of stress during encoding and retrieval on face and word recognition performance. We used the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST) to induce stress and verified the success of the stress manipulation with blood pressure measures, salivary cortisol levels, and negative affect scores. To examine differences in stressor timing, participants encoded target faces or words both when confronted with the stressor and during the subsequent cortisol peak and retrieved these stimuli 24 h later. We found neither effects of acute stress on face recognition memory during encoding or retrieval (Experiments 1 and 2), nor effects of encoding stress on word recognition memory (Experiment 2). Bayesian analyses largely provided substantial or strong evidence for the null hypotheses. We emphasize the need for well-powered experiments using contemporary methodology for a more complete understanding of the effect of acute stress on face recognition memory.

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  • Questionable research practices, such as selective reporting or hypothesising after results are known, have been shown to be a problem in psychological research.

    “which have been shown to be a problem in psychological research (e.g., Simmons et al., 2011; see Marr et al., 2021 for an example).”

    From The effects of acute stress on eyewitness memory: An integrative review for eyewitness researchers (2021) · cites this paper as Marr et al., 2021

    Marr et al. is cited as an example of questionable research practices, but its Data analysis section (p. not available in our copy) says its deviations from preregistered analyses were decided before examining the data. The Results section (p. not available) explicitly labels additional outcomes as exploratory and non-preregistered. These passages run contrary to presenting this study as an example of hypothesising after results were known or concealing analytic choices; they do not assess whether such practices are a broader problem in psychology. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Preregistered experiments stating the hypotheses and analysis plan limit questionable research practices, such as selective reporting or hypothesising after the results are known.

    “preregistered experiments stating the hypotheses and analysis plan should limit questionable research practices, such as selective reporting or hypothesising after the results are known”

    From The effects of acute stress on eyewitness memory: An integrative review for eyewitness researchers (2021) · cites this paper as Marr et al., 2021

    The Method section says both experiments were preregistered, and §2.5, Data analysis, identifies a change from the preregistered analyses that was decided before examining the data. The paper thus illustrates advance planning and disclosure of deviations, but our copy does not state that preregistration limits selective reporting or hypothesising after results are known. (LLM, conf=0.79)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In Marr et al. (2021), across two experiments, acute encoding stress neither impaired nor enhanced face recognition memory performance.

    “Additional work using a validated laboratory stressor showed across two experiments that acute encoding stress neither impaired nor enhanced face recognition memory performance (Marr et al., 2021).”

    From The effects of acute stress on eyewitness memory: An integrative review for eyewitness researchers (2021) · cites this paper as Marr et al., 2021

  • The Maastricht Acute Stress Test procedure consists of blocks of different tasks.

    “Adding blocks of stimuli into the MAST, for example, is easy to accomplish, because the procedure already consists of blocks of di ff erent tasks (e.g., Marr et al., 2021).”

    From The effects of acute stress on eyewitness memory: An integrative review for eyewitness researchers (2021) · cites this paper as Marr et al., 2021

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Authors
Marr, C., Quaedflieg, C. W. E. M., Otgaar, H., Hope, L., & Sauerland, M.
Affiliations
  • Maastricht University (NL)
  • University of Portsmouth (GB)
Corresponding author
Marr, Carey
ORCID
Venue
Acta Psychologica
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-09
Volume
219
Pages
103376
ISSN
0001-6918 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103376
OpenAlex
W3184056667
Cited by
8
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1
FWCI
0.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Acta Psychologica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • American Psychology-Law Society
  • Forecast Public Art (2013-0036, 532473-EM-5-2017-1-NL-ERA MUNDUS-EMJD)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords
acute stress, face memory, eyewitness memory, Maastricht Acute Stress Test, salivary cortisol, word recognition memory, null hypothesis testing
MeSH terms
Facial Recognition, Bayes Theorem, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Mental Recall, Stress, Psychological, Recognition, Psychology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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