Enhanced human memory consolidation with post-learning stress: interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding
Open accessAbstract
Abundant evidence indicates that endogenous stress hormones such as epinephrine and corticosterone modulate memory consolidation in animals. We recently provided the first demonstration that an endogenous stress hormone (epinephrine) can enhance human memory consolidation. However, these findings also suggested that post-learning stress hormone activation does not uniformly enhance memory for all recently acquired information; rather, that it interacts with the degree of arousal at initial encoding of material in modulating memory for the material. Here we tested this hypothesis by administering cold pressor stress (CPS) or a control procedure to subjects after they viewed slides of varying emotional content, and assessing memory for the slides 1 wk later. CPS, which significantly elevated salivary cortisol levels, enhanced memory for emotionally arousing slides compared with the controls, but did not affect memory for relatively neutral slides. These findings further support the view that post-learning stress hormone-related activity interacts with arousal at initial encoding to modulate memory consolidation.
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Models of emotional arousal and learning suggest that the greater the emotional arousal during exposure, the greater the learning.
“Models of emotional arousal and learning (Cahill, Gorski, & Le, 2003) also suggest that the greater the emotional arousal during exposure, the greater the learning.”
From Attentional bias and emotional reactivity as predictors and moderators of behavioral treatment for social phobia (2013) · cites this paper as Cahill, Gorski, & Le, 2003
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that arousal at encoding affects later memory consolidation, and the Results report better recall of arousing slides after post-learning stress. But the paper does not establish the general rule that greater arousal during exposure means greater learning: the enhancement depended on post-learning stress, and control subjects recalled fewer details from arousing than neutral slides. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStrong emotionality can, under some conditions, enhance memory.
“On the contrary, extensive research has shown that strong emotionality can, under some conditions, enhance memory (Ni [41]; Cahill et al. [87]; McGaugh [88]; Sharot et al. [89]; Nielson et al. [90]).”
From The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law (2007) · cites this paper as Cahill et al. [87]
Behavioral and pharmacological studies in humans showed enhanced long-term memory consolidation for emotional stimuli after stress or glucocorticoid (GC) treatment directly before or after encoding, while impairing the consolidation of neutral material.
“Behavioral and pharmacological studies in humans showed enhanced long-term memory consolidation for emotional stimuli after stress or glucocorticoid (GC) treatment directly before or after encoding, while impairing the consolidation of neutral material [56], [57], [58].”
From Dose-dependent effects of endotoxin on neurobehavioral functions in humans (2011) · cites this paper as [56]
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- Authors
- Cahill, L., Gorski, L., & Le, K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 270-274
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC202317
- OpenAlex
- W2028692454
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 29
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH057508, MH 57508, R29MH057508, R56MH057508)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- memory consolidation, cold pressor stress, emotional arousal, emotional memory, salivary cortisol, epinephrine, stress hormones
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Brain, Cold Temperature, Emotions, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Learning, Male, Memory, Photic Stimulation, Mental Recall, Reference Values, Saliva, Stress, Physiological
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