Drug delivery to the central nervous system by polymeric nanoparticles: What do we know?
Abstract
Nanoparticles enable the delivery of a great variety of drugs including anticancer drugs, analgesics, anti-Alzheimer's drugs, cardiovascular drugs, protease inhibitors, and several macromolecules into the brain after intravenous injection of animals. The mechanism of the nanoparticle-mediated drug transport across the BBB appears to be receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by transcytosis into the brain or by drug release within the endothelial cells. Modification of the nanoparticle surface with covalently attached targeting ligands or by coating with certain surfactants that lead to the adsorption of specific plasma proteins after injection is necessary for this receptor-mediated uptake. A very critical and important requirement for nanoparticulate brain delivery is that the employed nanoparticles are biocompatible and, moreover, rapidly biodegradable, i.e. over a time frame of a few days. In addition to enabling drug delivery to the brain, nanoparticles, as with doxorubicin, may importantly reduce the drug's toxicity and adverse effects due to an alteration of the body distribution. Because of the possibility to treat severe CNS diseases such as brain tumours and to even transport proteins and other macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier, this technology holds great promise for a non-invasive therapy of these diseases.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Due to promising outcomes from animal studies, colloidal carriers are now moving into clinical trials in humans.
“Due to promising outcomes from animal studies, colloidal carriers are now moving into clinical trials in humans (71, 330)”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [330]
Sophisticated surface modification of nanoparticles allows adequate transit to the brain.
“Mainly due to a sophisticated surface modification of the nanoparticle that allows adequate transit to the brain [215,216].”
From Multi-Target Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Protein Aggregation (2022) · cites this paper as [215]
Cites
Biodegradable Long-Circulating Polymeric Nanospheres
Gref, R., Minamitake, Y., Peracchia, M. T., Trubetskoy, V. S., Torchilin, V. P., & Langer, R. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8128245 · Cited by 2,924 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
(2013) · Chemical & Engineering News · doi:10.1021/cen-09136-ad11 · Cited by 2,546 · see citing works
Diehl, K., Hull, R., Morton, D. B., Pfister, R., Rabemampianina, Y., Smith, D. W., Vidal, J., & Vorstenbosch, C. V. D. (2001) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.727 · Cited by 1,570 · see citing works
Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems
Wilczewska, A. Z., Niemirowicz, K., Markiewicz, K. H., & Car, H. (2012) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70901-5 · Cited by 1,445 · see citing works
Convection-enhanced delivery of macromolecules in the brain.
Bobo, R. H., Laske, D. W., Akbaşak, A., Morrison, P. F., Dedrick, R. L., & Oldfield, E. H. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2076 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs.
Kreuter, J. (2001) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00122-8 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Tumor-Selective Delivery of Macromolecular Drugs via the EPR Effect: Background and Future Prospects
Maeda, H. (2010) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc100070g · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs
Kreuter, J. (2012) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.015 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Self-citationApproaches to transport therapeutic drugs across the blood–brain barrier to treat brain diseases
Gabathuler, R. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.028 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein-mediated transport of nanoparticle-bound drugs across the blood-brain barrier.
Kreuter, J., Shamenkov, D., Petrov, V., Ramge, P., Cychutek, K., Koch-Brandt, C., & Alyautdin, R. (2002) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/10611860290031877 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Self-citationTransport of drugs across the blood–brain barrier by nanoparticles.
Wohlfart, S., Gelperina, S., & Kreuter, J. (2012) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.017 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Self-citationDelivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system: the problems and the possibilities
Begley, D. J. (2004) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.08.001 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Promising System in Novel Drug Delivery
Nagpal, K., Singh, S. K., & Mishra, D. N. (2010) · Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/cpb.58.1423 · Cited by 661 · see citing works
Thorne, R. G., & Nicholson, C. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0509425103 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Stealth Me. PEG‐PLA Nanoparticles Avoid Uptake by the Mononuclear Phagocytes System
Bazile, D., Prud'homme, C., Bassoullet, M., Marlard, M., Spenlehauer, G., & Veillard, M. (1995) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600840420 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Ulbrich, K., Hekmatara, T., Herbert, E., & Kreuter, J. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.08.021 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Self-citationPolymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery to the central nervous system
Patel, T., Zhou, J., Piepmeier, J. M., & Saltzman, W. M. (2011) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.006 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Aptamer-functionalized PEG–PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced anti-glioma drug delivery
Guo, J., Gao, X., Su, L., Xia, H., Gu, G., Pang, Z., Jiang, X., Yao, L., Chen, J., & Chen, H. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.004 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Passage of peptides through the blood-brain barrier with colloidal polymer particles (nanoparticles)
Kreuter, J., Alyautdin, R. N., Kharkevich, D. A., & Aa, I. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00023-j · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Self-citationSignificant Transport of Doxorubicin into the Brain with Polysorbate 80-Coated Nanoparticles
Gulyaev, A. E., Gelperina, S. E., Skidan, I. N., Antropov, A. S., Kivman, G. Y., & Kreuter, J. (1999) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018983904537 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Self-citationDelivery of peptides and proteins through the blood–brain barrier
Bickel, U., Yoshikawa, T., & Pardridge, W. M. (2001) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00139-3 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems
Kreuter, J. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781498710565 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationKreuter, J., Ramge, P., Petrov, V. E., Hamm, S., Gelperina, S. E., Engelhardt, B., Alyautdin, R. N., von Briesen, H., & Begley, D. J. (2003) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022604120952 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-circulating pegylated polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles as new drug carrier for brain delivery.
Calvo, P., Gouritin, B., Chacun, H., Desmaële, D., D'Angelo, J., Noel, J.-P., Georgin, D., Fattal, E., Andreux, J. P., & Couvreur, P. (2001) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1010931127745 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Zensi, A., Begley, D., Pontikis, C., Legros, C., Mihoreanu, L., Wagner, S., Büchel, C., von Briesen, H., & Kreuter, J. (2009) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.03.002 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Self-citationChemotherapy of glioblastoma in rats using doxorubicin‐loaded nanoparticles
Steiniger, S. C. J., Kreuter, J., Khalansky, A. S., Skidan, I. N., Bobruskin, A. I., Smirnova, Z. S., Severin, E. S., Uhl, R., Kock, M., Geiger, K. D., et al. (2004) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.20048 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, D., & Martin, D. C. (2006) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.021 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Colloidal drug delivery systems
Duncan‐Hewitt, W. C. (1995) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/0927-7765(95)90010-1 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Targeted nanoparticles for drug delivery through the blood–brain barrier for Alzheimer's disease
Roney, C. A., Kulkarni, P. V., Arora, V., Antich, P. P., Bonte, F. J., Wu, A., Mallikarjuana, N. N., Manohar, S. K., Liang, H., Kulkarni, A. R., et al. (2005) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.07.024 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Mathew, A., Fukuda, T., Nagaoka, Y., Hasumura, T., Morimoto, H., Yoshida, Y., Maekawa, T., Venugopal, K., & Kumar, D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032616 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Xin, H., Jiang, X., Gu, J., Sha, X., Chen, L., Law, K., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Jiang, Y., & Fang, X. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.044 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Wilson, B., Samanta, M. K., Santhi, K., Kumar, K. P. S., Paramakrishnan, N., & Suresh, B. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.039 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Alyautdin, R. N., Petrov, V. E., Langer, K., Berthold, A., Kharkevich, D. A., & Kreuter, J. (1997) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1012098005098 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self-citationMichaelis, K., Hoffmann, M. M., Dreis, S., Herbert, E., Alyautdin, R. N., Michaelis, M., Kreuter, J., & Langer, K. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.097139 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Self-citationColloidal carriers and blood–brain barrier (BBB) translocation: A way to deliver drugs to the brain?
García-García, E., Andrieux, K., Gil, S., & Couvreur, P. (2005) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.03.031 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
TAT-conjugated nanoparticles for the CNS delivery of anti-HIV drugs
Rao, K. S., Reddy, M. K., Horning, J. L., & Labhasetwar, V. D. (2008) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.08.004 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Xin, H., Sha, X., Jiang, X., Zhang, W., Chen, L., & Fang, X. (2012) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.046 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics and distribution of a biodegradable drug-carrier
Grislain, L., Couvreur, P., Lenaerts, V., Roland, M., Campeneere, D. D.-D., & Speiser, P. P. (1983) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(83)90166-7 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Petri, B., Bootz, A., Khalansky, A. S., Hekmatara, T., Müller, R. H., Uhl, R., Kreuter, J., & Gelperina, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.10.015 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting the brain with PEG–PLGA nanoparticles modified with phage-displayed peptides
Li, J., Feng, L., Fan, L., Zha, Y., Guo, L., Zhang, Q., Chen, J., Pang, Z., Wang, Y., Jiang, X., et al. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.031 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Gelperina, S. E., Maksimenko, O., Khalansky, A. S., Vanchugova, L. V., Шипуло, Е. В., Abbasova, K., Berdiev, R. K., Wohlfart, S., Chepurnova, N. E., & Kreuter, J. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.09.003 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Blood-brain Barrier: Principles for Targeting Peptides and Drugs to the Central Nervous System
Begley, D. J. (1996) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb07112.x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
DNAzyme Targeting c- jun Suppresses Skin Cancer Growth
Cai, H., Santiago, F. S., Prado-Lourenço, L., Wang, B., Patrikakis, M., Davenport, M. P., Maghzal, G. J., Stocker, R., Parish, C. R., Chong, B. H., et al. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003960 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Delivery of peptide and protein drugs over the blood–brain barrier
Brasnjevic, I., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Schmitz, C., & Martinez-Martinez, P. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.12.002 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
WILSON, B., Samanta, M. K., Santhi, K., KUMAR, K., Paramakrishnan, N., & Suresh, B. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.03.009 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Nanoparticle Technology for Delivery of Drugs Across the Blood–Brain Barrier
Schröeder, U., Sommerfeld, P., Ulrich, S., & Sabel, B. A. (1998) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1021/js980084y · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Illum, L., Davis, S. S., Müller, R. H., Mak, E., & West, P. (1987) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(87)90138-x · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Degradation of poly (isobutyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles
Lenaerts, V., Couvreur, P., Christiaens-Leyh, D., Joiris, E., Roland, M., Rollmann, B., & Speiser, P. P. (1984) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/0142-9612(84)90002-4 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Gao, K., & Jiang, X. (2006) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.11.040 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Prades, R., Guerrero, S., Araya, E., Molina-Pelayo, C., Salas‐Huenuleo, E., Zurita, E., Selva, J., Egea, G., López‐Iglesias, C., Teixidò, M., et al. (2012) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.063 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Reddy, M. K., & Labhasetwar, V. D. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.08-116947 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Kreuter, J., Hekmatara, T., Dreis, S., Vogel, T., Gelperina, S. E., & Langer, K. (2006) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.12.012 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationWagner, S., Zensi, A., Wien, S., Tschickardt, S., Maier, W., Vogel, T., Worek, F., Pietrzik, C. U., Kreuter, J., & von Briesen, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032568 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting the insulin receptor: nanoparticles for drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
Ulbrich, K., Knobloch, T., & Kreuter, J. (2011) · Journal of Drug Targeting · doi:10.3109/10611861003734001 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationChitosan nanoparticles as a new delivery system for the anti-Alzheimer drug tacrine
Wilson, B., Samanta, M. K., Santhi, K., Kumar, K. P. S., Ramasamy, M., & Suresh, B. (2009) · Nanomedicine Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.001 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Balázs, Z., Panzenboeck, U., Hammer, A., Sovic, A., Quehenberger, O., Malle, E., & Sattler, W. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02373.x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Characterization and evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles for dopamine brain delivery
Trapani, A., De Giglio, E., Cafagna, D., Denora, N., Agrimi, G., Cassano, T., Gaetani, S., Cuomo, V., & Trapani, G. (2011) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.036 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Brigger, I., Morizet, J., Aubert, G., Chacun, H., Terrier‐Lacombe, M., Couvreur, P., & Vassal, G. (2002) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.102.039669 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Tosi, G., Costantino, L., Rivasi, F., Ruozi, B., Leo, E., Vergoni, A. V., Tacchi, R., Bertolini, A., Vandelli, M. A., & Forni, F. (2007) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.05.022 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Alyautdin, R. N., Tezikov, E. B., Ramge, P., Kharkevich, D. A., Begley, D. J., & Kreuter, J. (1998) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.3109/02652049809006836 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationTopics in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Yalkowsky, S. H. (1983) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600720233 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Brain targeting of nerve growth factor using poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles
Kurakhmaeva, K. B., Djindjikhashvili, I. A., Petrov, V. E., Balabanyan, V. U., Voronina, T. A., Trofimov, S. S., Kreuter, J., Gelperina, S., Begley, D., & Alyautdin, R. N. (2009) · Journal of Drug Targeting · doi:10.1080/10611860903112842 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Self-citationToxicity of Polyalkylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles II: Doxorubicin-Loaded Nanoparticles
Couvreur, P., Kante, B., Grislain, L., Roland, M., & Speiser, P. P. (1982) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600710717 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Specific role of polysorbate 80 coating on the targeting of nanoparticles to the brain
Sun, W., Xie, C., Wang, H., & Hu, Y. L. (2003) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.087 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Olivier, J.-C., Fenart, L., Chauvet, R., Pariat, C., Cecchelli, R., & Couet, W. (1999) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018947208597 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Peptide-derivatized biodegradable nanoparticles able to cross the blood–brain barrier
Costantino, L., Gandolfi, F., Tosi, G., Rivasi, F., Vandelli, M. A., & Forni, F. (2005) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.07.013 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Transcytosis of plasma macromolecules in endothelial cells: A cell biological survey
Simionescu, M., Gafencu, A. V., & Antohe, F. (2002) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.10086 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Reengineering Biopharmaceuticals for Targeted Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier
Pardridge, W. M., & Boado, R. J. (2012) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396962-0.00011-2 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Ramge, P., Unger, R. E., Oltrogge, J. B., Zenker, D., Begley, D. J., Kreuter, J., & von Briesen, H. (2000) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00078.x · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationKreuter, J., Petrov, V. E., Kharkevich, D. A., & Alyautdin, R. N. (1997) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/s0168-3659(97)00061-8 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citationPanzenboeck, U., Balázs, Z., Sovic, A., Hrzenjak, A., Levak‐Frank, S., Wintersperger, A., Malle, E., & Sattler, W. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m207601200 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Lin, X., Tian, Wei, Feng, Huang, Wang, Ren, R., & Diao (2011) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s16570 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Karataş, H., Aktaş, Y., Özdemir, Y., Bodur, E., Yemişçi, M., Caban-Toktas, S., Vural, A., Pınarbaşlı, O., Çapan, Y., Fernández-Megía, E., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4246-09.2009 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Gelperina, S. E., Khalansky, A. S., Skidan, I. N., Smirnova, Z. S., Bobruskin, A. I., Severin, E. S., Turowski, B., Zanella, F., & Kreuter, J. (2002) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00456-8 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Self-citationIn Situ Blood–Brain Barrier Transport of Nanoparticles
Koziara, J. M., Lockman, P. R., Allen, D. D., & Mumper, R. J. (2003) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/b:pham.0000003374.58641.62 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Mechanism of polymeric nanoparticle-based drug transport across the blood-brain barrier (bbb).
Kreuter, J. (2013) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.3109/02652048.2012.692491 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationYusuf, M., Khan, M., Khan, R. A., & Ahmed, B. (2012) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/1061186x.2012.747529 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Interaction of Poly(butylcyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles with the Blood-Brain Barrierin vivoandin vitro
Alyaudtin, R. N., Reichel, A., Löbenberg, R., Ramge, P., Kreuter, J., & Begley, D. J. (2001) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/10611860108997929 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationWohlfart, S., Khalansky, A. S., Gelperina, S. E., Maksimenko, O., Bernreuther, C., Glatzel, M., & Kreuter, J. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019121 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationTröster, S. D., Müller, U., & Kreuter, J. (1990) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(90)90047-8 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationKulkarni, P. V., Roney, C. A., Antich, P. P., Bonte, F. J., Raghu, A. V., & Aminabhavi, T. M. (2009) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1002/wnan.59 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Lherm, C., Müller, R. H., Puisieux, F., & Couvreur, P. (1992) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(92)90210-s · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Pharmacologic effects in vivo in brain by vector-mediated peptide drug delivery.
Bickel, U., Yoshikawa, T., Landaw, E. M., Faull, K. F., & Pardridge, W. M. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.7.2618 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
KUO, Y., & SU, F. (2007) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.012 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Brain-targeted delivery of paclitaxel using glutathione-coated nanoparticles for brain cancers
Geldenhuys, W. J., Mbimba, T., Bui, T., Harrison, K. A., & Sutariya, V. B. (2011) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/1061186x.2011.589435 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Friese, A. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0939-6411(99)00073-9 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Xin, H., Chen, L., Gu, J., Ren, X., wei, Z., Luo, J., Chen, Y., Jiang, X., Sha, X., & Fang, X. (2010) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.005 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Do anticancer agents reach the tumor target in the human brain?
Donelli, M. G., Zucchetti, M., & D’Incalci, M. (1992) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00686291 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Ambruosi, A., Khalansky, A. S., Yamamoto, H., Gelperina, S. E., Begley, D. J., & Kreuter, J. (2006) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/10611860600636135 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationIn Vivo Methods to Study Uptake of Nanoparticles into the Brain
van Rooy, I., Cakir-Tascioglu, S., Hennink, W. E., Storm, G., Schiffelers, R. M., & Mastrobattista, E. (2010) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-010-0291-7 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Wang, C., Le-song, H., Hou, L., Jiang, L., Yan, Z.-T., Wang, Y.-L., & Chen, Z.-L. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.011 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Endothelial transcytosis in health and disease
Simionescu, M., Popov, D., & Sima, A. V. (2008) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-008-0688-3 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Functional Protein Delivery into Neurons Using Polymeric Nanoparticles
Hasadsri, L., Kreuter, J., Hattori, H., Iwasaki, T., & George, J. M. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m805956200 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationZensi, A., Begley, D. J., Pontikis, C., Legros, C., Mihoreanu, L., Büchel, C., & Kreuter, J. (2010) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/1061186x.2010.513712 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of the Surfactant Concentration on the Body Distribution of Nanoparticles
Araújo, L. C. D. P., Löbenberg, R., & Kreuter, J. (1999) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/10611869908996844 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationChang, J., Paillard, A., Passirani, C., Morille, M., Benoît, J., Betbeder, D., & Garcion, E. (2011) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-011-0624-1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bio-Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Food, Biomedical and Health Sciences
Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., Moriyama, H., et al. (2012) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Kulkarni, S. A., & Feng, S. (2011) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm.10.131 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Hsieh, W.-Y., Lee, W., & Zeng, D.-T. (2011) · Journal of Biomaterials Applications · doi:10.1177/0885328211429495 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Borchard, G., Audus, K. L., Shi, F., & Kreuter, J. (1994) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(94)90372-7 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationBrigger, I., Morizet, J., Laudani, L., et al. (2004) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.07.019 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Ambruosi, A., Gelperina, S. E., Khalansky, A. S., Tanski, S., Theisen, A., & Kreuter, J. (2006) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.1080/02652040600788080 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationKinetics of transport of doxorubicin bound to nanoparticles across the blood–brain barrier
Wohlfart, S., Khalansky, A. S., Gelperina, S. E., Begley, D. J., & Kreuter, J. (2011) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.05.010 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationAntitumoral activity of camptothecin-loaded nanoparticles in 9L rat glioma model
Çırpanlı, Y., Allard-Vannier, É., Passirani, C., Bilensoy, E., Lemaire, L. P., Çalış, S., & Benoît, J. (2010) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.015 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Polymeric nanoparticles and microspheres
Banakar, U. V. (1988) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600770123 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tosi, G., Fano, R. A., Bondioli, L., Badiali, L., Benassi, R., Rivasi, F., Ruozi, B., Forni, F., & Vandelli, M. A. (2011) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm.11.11 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Yoshioka, T., Hashida, M., Muranishi, S., et al. (1981) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(81)90017-x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Yang, C., Chang, C.-H., Tsai, P., Chen, W., Tseng, F., & Lo, L. (2004) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac035491v · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of surface modification polymeric nanoparticles
Liu, M., Li, H., Luo, G., Liu, Q., & Wang, Y. (2008) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-001-1191-8 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Nanoparticles and nanocapsules--new dosage forms in the nanometer size range.
Kreuter, J. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationDelivery of nanoparticles to the brain detected by fluorescence microscopy
Reimold, I., Domke, D., Bender, J., Seyfried, C. A., Radunz, H.-E., & Fricker, G. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.007 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Epithelial and endothelial barriers in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity of the rat
Wolburg, H., Wolburg‐Buchholz, K., Sam, H., Horvát, S., Deli, M. A., & Mack, A. F. (2008) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-008-0410-2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Preparation and Therapeutic Efficacy of Polysorbate-80-Coated Amphotericin B/PLA-b-PEG Nanoparticles
Ren, T., Xu, N., Cao, C., Yuan, W., Xiao, Y., Chen, J., & Ren, J. (2009) · Journal of Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition · doi:10.1163/092050609x12457418779185 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Ambruosi, A., Yamamoto, H., & Kreuter, J. (2005) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/10611860500411043 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationTrapani, A., Denora, N., Iacobellis, G., et al. (2011) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-011-9695-x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lymphatic Targeting of Polymeric Nanoparticles After Intraperitoneal Administration in Rats
Maincent, P., Thouvénot, P., Amicabile, C., Hoffman, M., Kreuter, J., Couvreur, P., & Devissaguet, J. P. (1992) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1015895804597 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationПереверзева, Э. Р., Трещалин, И. Д., Бодягин, Д. А., Максименко, О. О., Langer, K., Dreis, S., Asmussen, B., Kreuter, J., & Gelperina, S. E. (2007) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.01.031 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, B., Samanta, M. K., Muthu, M. S., & Vinothapooshan, G. (2011) · Therapeutic Delivery · doi:10.4155/tde.11.21 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Molecular Weights of Free and Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles
Vansnick, L., Couvreur, P., Christiaens-Leyh, D., & Roland, M. (1985) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/a:1016366022712 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Macrophage Targeting of Azidothymidine: A Promising Strategy for AIDS Therapy*
Löbenberg, R., & Kreuter, J. (1996) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.1996.12.1709 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationSchneider, T. L., Becker, A., Ringe, K., Reinhold, A., Firsching, R. P., & Sabel, B. A. (2008) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.12.005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Nanoparticulate Transport of Oximes over an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model
Wagner, S., Kufleitner, J., Zensi, A., Dadparvar, M., Wien, S., Bungert, J., Vogel, T., Worek, F., Kreuter, J., & von Briesen, H. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014213 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationLandry, F. (1996) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/0142-9612(96)86742-1 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Efficacy of surface charge in targeting pegylated nanoparticles of sulpiride to the brain
Parikh, T., Bommana, M. M., & Squillante, E. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.11.001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Schröeder, U., Schröeder, H., & Sabel, B. A. (2000) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00619-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Huynh, N. T., Morille, M., Bejaud, J., Legras, P., Vessières, A., Jaouen, G., Benoît, J., & Passirani, C. (2011) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-011-0501-y · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hekmatara, T., Bernreuther, C., Khalansky, A. S., Theisen, A., Weissenberger, J., Matschke, J., Gelperina, S. E., Kreuter, J., & Glatzel, M. (2009) · Clinical Neuropathology · doi:10.5414/npp28153 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationSchäfer, V., von Briesen, H., Rübsamen‐Waigmann, H., Steffan, A., Royer, C., & Kreuter, J. (1994) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.3109/02652049409040455 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of HIV in vitro by antiviral drug-targeting using nanoparticles
Bender, A., Schäfer, V., Steffan, A., Royer, C., Kreuter, J., Rübsamen‐Waigmann, H., & von Briesen, H. (1994) · Research in Virology · doi:10.1016/s0923-2516(07)80025-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, B., Samanta, M. K., Santhi, K., Kumar, K. P. S., Ramasamy, M., & Suresh, B. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.036 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Delivery of large molecules via poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles into the injured rat brain
Lin, Y., Pan, Y., Shi, Y., Huang, X., Jia, N., & Jiang, J. (2012) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/23/16/165101 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Influence of enzymes on the stability of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles
Scherer, D., Robinson, J. R., & Kreuter, J. (1994) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(94)90086-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationTröster, S. D., & Kreuter, J. (1992) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.3109/02652049209021219 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationCan Leptin-Derived Sequence-Modified Nanoparticles Be Suitable Tools for Brain Delivery?
Tosi, G., Badiali, L., Ruozi, B., Vergoni, A. V., Bondioli, L., Ferrari, A., Rivasi, F., Forni, F., & Vandelli, M. A. (2011) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.2217/nnm.11.98 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Understanding and circumventing the blood‐brain barrier
Begley, D. J. (2003) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00226.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Juan, B. S. D., von Briesen, H., Gelperina, S. E., & Kreuter, J. (2006) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/10611860600866872 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationIntravenous tolerance of a nanoparticle-based formulation of doxorubicin in healthy rats
Переверзева, Э. Р., Трещалин, И. Д., Бодягин, Д. А., Максименко, О. О., Kreuter, J., & Gelperina, S. E. (2008) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.01.020 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of glioblastoma with poly(isohexyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles
Wohlfart, S., Khalansky, A. S., Bernreuther, C., Michaelis, M., Cinatl, J. J., Glatzel, M., & Kreuter, J. (2011) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.046 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationDelivery of peptides and proteins through the blood-brain barrier
Bickel, U., Yoshikawa, T., & Pardridge, W. M. (1993) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/0169-409x(93)90048-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Darius, J., Meyer, F. P., Sabel, B. A., & Schröeder, U. (2000) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/0022357001774958 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
FDA and Nanotech: Baby Steps Lead to Regulatory Uncertainty
Bawa, R. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118451915.ch41 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Andrieux, K., & Couvreur, P. (2013) · Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises · doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2013.04.001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Molecular weights of polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles
El-Egakey, M. A. A. (1983) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/0378-5173(83)90084-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Huang, M., Wu, W., Jun, Q. I. A. N., Dan-jing, W., Wei, X., & Zhu, J. (2005) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00216.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ramge, P., Kreuter, J., & Lemmer, B. (1999) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420529909016944 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationTahara, K., Kato, Y., Yamamoto, H., Kreuter, J., & Kawashimà, Y. (2010) · Journal of Microencapsulation · doi:10.3109/02652048.2010.522258 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationKang, C. (2011) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2011.1459 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Molecular weights of poly(butyl 2‐cyanoacrylate) produced during nanoparticle formation
Douglas, S. J., Davis, S. S., & Holding, S. R. (1985) · British Polymer Journal · doi:10.1002/pi.4980170404 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Begley, D. J. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004611 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Borchardt, G., Brandriss, S., Kreuter, J., et al. (1994) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/10611869409015894 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation7 Nanoparticles as drug carriers
Tadros Tharwat, F. (2018) · Spark · doi:10.1515/spark.43.8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
ONTOGENY OF THE ULTRADIAN RHYTHM OF ACTIVITY IN JAPANESE QUAIL
Lumineau, S., Guyomarc’h, C., & Richard, J. (2000) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-100102112 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems
Xing, H. (2003) · Journal of Huaihua University · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Petkov, V. D., Mosharrof, A. H., & Petkov, V. V. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wohlfart, S., Bernreuther, C., Khalansky, A. S., Theisen, A., Weissenberger, J., Gelperina, S. E., Glatzel, M., & Kreuter, J. (2009) · Journal of Nanoneuroscience · doi:10.1166/jns.2009.1003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationIn vitro release performance and analgesic activity of endomorphin-1 loaded nanoparticles.
Liu, H., Ni, J., & Wang, R. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nanoparticulate Carriers for Drug Delivery to the Brain
Kreuter, J. (2006) · IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS eBooks · doi:10.1142/9781860949074_0024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back
Sweeney, M. D., Zhao, Z., Montagne, A., Nelson, A. R., & Zlokovic, B. V. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00050.2017 · Cited by 2,294 · see citing works
Saraiva, C., Praça, C., Ferreira, R., Santos, T., Ferreira, L., & Bernardino, L. (2016) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.044 · Cited by 1,609 · see citing works
Cano, A., Ettcheto, M., Chang, J.-H., Barroso, E., Espina, M., Kühne, B. A., Barenys, M., Auladell, C., Folch, J., Souto, E. B., et al. (2019) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.010 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Breaking Down the Barriers to Precision Cancer Nanomedicine
von Roemeling, C., Jiang, W., Chan, C. K., Weissman, I. L., & Kim, B. Y. S. (2017) · Trends in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.07.006 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Strategies for transporting nanoparticles across the blood–brain barrier
Zhang, T.-T., Li, W., Meng, G., Wang, P., & Liao, W. (2016) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/c5bm00383k · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Seabra, A. B., Justo, G. Z., & Haddad, P. S. (2015) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.005 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The potential of protein–nanomaterial interaction for advanced drug delivery
Peng, Q., & Mu, H. (2016) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.041 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Neurotheranostics as Personalized Medicines
Kevadiya, B. D., Ottemann, B. M., Thomas, M. B., Mukadam, I., Nigam, S., McMillan, J., Gorantla, S., Bronich, T. K., Edagwa, B., & Gendelman, H. E. (2019) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.011 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Sharifi-Rad, J., Rapposelli, S., Sestito, S., Herrera-Bravo, J., Arancibia-Diaz, A., Salazar, L. A., Yeskaliyeva, B., Beyatli, A., Leyva-Gómez, G., González-Contreras, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12091515 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Leyva-Gómez, G., Cortés, H., Magaña, J. J., Leyva-García, N., Quintanar-Guerrero, D., & Florán, B. (2015) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.009 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Khalin, I., Heimburger, D., Melnychuk, N., Collot, M., Groschup, B., Hellal, F., Reisch, A., Plesnila, N., & Klymchenko, A. S. (2020) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c01505 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Destination Brain: the Past, Present, and Future of Therapeutic Gene Delivery
Joshi, C. R., Labhasetwar, V., & Ghorpade, A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-016-9724-3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Joy, R., George, J., & John, F. (2022) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202104045 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Nanocarriers as cns drug delivery systems for enhanced neuroprotection
Ozkizilcik, A., Davidson, P., Turgut, H., Sharma, H. S., Sharma, A., & Tian, Z. R. (2017) · Drug and Gene Delivery to the Central Nervous System for Neuroprotection · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57696-1_2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kreuter, J.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kreuter, Jörg
- Venue
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 71
- Pages
- 2-14
- ISSN
- 0169-409X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1975495109
- Cited by
- 554
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- polymeric nanoparticles, blood-brain barrier, brain drug delivery, receptor-mediated endocytosis, transcytosis, nanoparticle surface modification, targeting ligands, protein adsorption, biodegradable nanoparticles, biocompatibility, doxorubicin, brain tumors, macromolecule transport, central nervous system disorders
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Endocytosis, Humans, Polymers, Time Factors, Drug Delivery Systems, Nanoparticles, Transcytosis, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review