Systematic review of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted to identify and describe school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression and to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing depressive symptoms. Forty-two randomised controlled trials, relating to 28 individual school-based programs, were identified through the Cochrane Library, PsycInfo and PubMed databases. A large proportion of the programs identified were based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and delivered by a mental health professional or graduate student over 8-12 sessions. Indicated programs, which targeted students exhibiting elevated levels of depression, were found to be the most effective, with effect sizes for all programs ranging from 0.21 to 1.40. Teacher program leaders and the employment of attention control conditions were associated with fewer significant effects. Further school-based research is required that involves the use of attention controls, long-term follow-ups and which focuses on the training and evaluation of sustainable program leaders, such as teachers.
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Evidence is inconclusive as to whether CBT delivered universally is effective in preventing depression in adolescents.
“However, there is inconclusive evidence as to whether CBT delivered universally is effective in preventing depression in adolescents (Calear and Christensen, 2010).”
From A pilot evaluation of the SPARX-R gaming intervention for preventing depression and improving wellbeing among adolescents in alternative education (2017) · cites this paper as Calear and Christensen, 2010
The practice of mindfulness skills can help individuals experience painful sensations without reactivity.
“One study found that the practice of mindfulness skills can actually help individuals experience painful sensations without reactivity [66].”
From Effects of Mindfulness and Life-Skills Training on Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese Migrant Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (2024) · cites this paper as [66]
Over longer durations, there is a greater potential for participants to encounter adversity and use learned strategies that benefit their mental health.
“Over longer durations, there is a greater potential for participants to encounter adversity and use learned strategies that benefit their mental health [71].”
From Effects of Mindfulness and Life-Skills Training on Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese Migrant Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (2024) · cites this paper as [71]
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- Authors
- Calear, A. L., & Christensen, H.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Calear, Alison L.
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescence
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07-31
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 429-438
- ISSN
- 0140-1971 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9254
- OpenAlex
- W2142993455
- Cited by
- 365
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression, school-based prevention, early intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, adolescents, depressive symptoms, program effectiveness, teacher-led intervention, program sustainability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Depressive Disorder, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Mass Screening, Mental Health Services, School Health Services, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Early Diagnosis
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