Adults With Persistent ADHD: Gender and Psychiatric Comorbidities—A Population-Based Longitudinal Study
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate associations between ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders among adults from a population-based birth cohort. METHOD: Participants were recruited from all children born between 1976 and 1982 remaining in Rochester, Minnesota, after age 5. Participants with childhood ADHD ( n = 232; M age = 27.0 years; 72% men) and non-ADHD controls ( n = 335; M age = 28.6 years; 63% men) completed a structured interview (M.I.N.I. International Neuropsychiatric Interview) assessing current ADHD status and comorbid psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Among 232 with childhood ADHD, 68 (49 men, 19 women) had persistent adult ADHD. Compared with non-ADHD controls and non-persistent ADHD participants, adults with persistent ADHD were significantly more likely to have any or each of 12 psychiatric comorbidities. The associations retained significant or marginally significant when stratified by gender. Externalizing psychiatric disorders were more common in men (74%) and internalizing disorders in women (58%). CONCLUSION: Persistent ADHD is associated with an increased risk of comorbid psychiatric disorders in adult men and women.
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Mood disorders and anxiety disorders often exacerbate executive dysfunction associated with ADHD.
“Mood disorders [51,52] and anxiety disorders [41] often exacerbate executive dysfunction associated with ADHD”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
The Results and Discussion report that anxiety disorders are associated with persistent adult ADHD. They do not examine executive dysfunction or show that anxiety exacerbates it. In the citing sentence, this source is attached to anxiety disorders; separate citations accompany mood disorders. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Yoshimasu, K., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Voigt, R. G., Killian, J. M., Weaver, A. L., & Katusic, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Katusic, Slavica K.
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-11-18
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 535-546
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- PMC
- PMC5600693
- OpenAlex
- W2553559751
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 4.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AR30582, HD29745)
- National Institute on Aging (AG034676)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- childhood ADHD, psychiatric comorbidity, gender differences, externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders, longitudinal follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adult, Alcoholism, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Bipolar Disorder, Chronic Disease, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Case-Control Studies, Sex Distribution
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