Untreated ADHD in Adults: Are There Sex Differences in Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Impairment?

Rasmussen, Kirsten; Levander, Sten

doi:10.1177/1087054708314621

Cited by 100Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesSchizophrenia research and treatment

Untreated ADHD in Adults: Are There Sex Differences in Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Impairment?

Rasmussen, Kirsten, Levander, Sten·2009·Journal of Attention Disorders

DOI 10.1177/1087054708314621

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To analyze sex differences among adult, never-treated patients referred for central stimulant treatment of ADHD. METHOD: Data for 600 consecutive patients from northern Norway referred for evaluation by an expert team during 7 years were analyzed. General background information, diagnostic and social history, and symptom profiles were compared between previously never-treated men and women. RESULTS: The sex ratio was skewed. Of the previously untreated patients, more than 20% fell outside society's ordinary vocational activities or social benefit system. Most patients had the combined form, one third the inattentive type, and only 2% the hyperactive/impulsive subtype. Abuse and criminality were more common among men, and affective, eating, and somatization disorders were more common among women. Otherwise few sex differences were found. CONCLUSION: AD/HD symptom intensity and subtypes did not differ between the sexes and was unrelated to age. Symptom intensity was linked with criminality, abuse, and other psychiatric problems, differentially for the two sexes.

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From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Women with ADHD, when compared to men with ADHD, seem to have more mood, anxiety and eating disorders, a higher level of emotional symptoms, and relational instability.
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From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [8]

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BackgroundMethod
Wie stark sind Erwachsene mit ADHS und komorbiden Störungen in ihrer gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität beeinträchtigt?
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“This research is especially warranted when considered in light of the fact that relative to males with ADHD, adult females with ADHD report having a greater number of problems, yet fewer assets (Arcia & Conners, 1998, as cited in Rasmussen & Levander, 2009).”
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ADHD among a cohort of ethnic minority women
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Genetic Risks and ADHD Symptomatology: Exploring the Effects of Parental Antisocial Behaviors in an Adoption-Based Study
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Gjervan, B., Torgersen, T., & Hjemdal, O. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716640087 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Psychoeducational group interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review of feasibility, acceptability, and outcome measures
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05908-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Factor structure of the patient health questionnaire-4 in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Havnen, A., Lydersen, S., Mandahl, A., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1176298 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Clinical Characteristics of Women with ADHD in Japan
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Result
A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences
de Jong, M., Wynchank, D. S. M. R., Michielsen, M., Beekman, A. T. F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13072106 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“As previously described, women with ADHD, when compared to men with ADHD, seem to have more mood [8–10], anxiety and eating disorders [9], a higher level of emotional symptoms [11] and relational instability [12].”
BackgroundInfluential
Relationship Between ADHD-Like Traits and Emotion Dysregulation in the Adult General Population
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Psychoeducational groups versus waitlist in treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity/impulsivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: a protocol for a pilot randomized waitlist-controlled multicenter trial
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“(Rasmussen & Levander, 2008).”
Evolving Adult ADHD Care: Preparatory Evaluation of a Prototype Digital Service Model Innovation for ADHD Care
Patrickson, B., Shams, L., Fouyaxis, J., Strobel, J. E., Schubert, K. O., Musker, M., & Bidargaddi, N. P. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21050582 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Against the backdrop of a historic debate in regards to the prevalence and ideal care for this condition [14], the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD involves numerous challenges both in Australia [15,16] and worldwide [13,17,18].”
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Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary evaluation of a user co-facilitated psychoeducational programme: a feasibility proof-of-concept randomised control trial
Skliarova, T., Lara‐Cabrera, M. L., Hafstad, H., Havnen, A., Sæther, S. G., Salvesen, Ø. O., Vaag, J. R., & Torgersen, T. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06015-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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“, 2003) Evidences suggest when they grow and become adults; they are likely to even out with 1:1 ratio (Robison et al., 2008; Szatmari et al., 1989; Rasmussen and Levander, 2009).”
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults : Prevalence, Psychiatric Comorbidities and Long-term Outcome
Edvinsson, D. (2017) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Whitley, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86320-3_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Childhood and persistent ADHD symptoms associated with educational failure and long-term occupational disability in adult ADHD Mats FredriksenAlv A. DahlEgil W. Martinsen • Ole KlungsoyrStephen V. FaraoneDawn E. Peleikis
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Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Sáez‐Francàs, N., Bosch, R., Corrales, M. M., Ferrer, M., & Casas, M. (2009) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The clinical relevance of asking young psychiatric patients about childhood ADHD symptoms
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Examining the Efficacy of Online Administration of a Time-Limited School Readiness Intervention in the Face of COVID-19
Spiegel, J. A., Sanchez, C. R., Bermeo, L. M., & Graziano, P. A. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.12.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding the Impact of Deviant Peer Association on Dual Systems Model Development
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Using genetic parameters to predict somatisation in females with heroin dependence
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Effects of Puberty Onset on Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms in Female University Students
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The Prevalence of ADHD in Candidates for Gastric Bypass Surgery: Are Overeating and Obesity Accounted for by the Attention Deficits and Impulisivity of ADHD?
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Relationship between Subtypes of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Traits and Subscales of Symptom Checklist-90-R among College Students
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Effects of one single-dose methylphenidate compared to one single-dose placebo on QbTest performance in adults with untreated ADHD: a randomized controlled trial
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Additional file 2 of Psychoeducational group interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review of feasibility, acceptability, and outcome measures
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26074291
Additional file 3 of Psychoeducational group interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review of feasibility, acceptability, and outcome measures
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736981
Additional file 5 of Psychoeducational group interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review of feasibility, acceptability, and outcome measures
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736987
Additional file 4 of Psychoeducational group interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review of feasibility, acceptability, and outcome measures
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736984
Additional file 1 of Psychoeducational group interventions for adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a scoping review of feasibility, acceptability, and outcome measures
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26074063

Untreated ADHD in Adults : Are There Sex Differences in Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Impairment?
Rasmussen, K., & Levander, S. (2009) · Malmö University Publications (Malmö University)
ADHD nell'adulto: differenze di genere
Magnesa, A. (2021) · Electronic Theses and Dissertations Repository (University of Pisa)
Gender differences in self- and investigator-rated psychopathology in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Retz‐Junginger, P., Rösler, M., Jacob, C., Alm, B., & Retz, W. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0024-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Symptom Presentations of ASRS-Based Probable Adult ADHD Among Patients Receiving Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in Nairobi, Kenya
Murage, L. W., Nyagwencha, S., & Kihara, M. (2026) · Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.58721/5kfqzf57
Gender Differences in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC)
Cortese, S., Faraone, S. V., Bernardi, S., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09630 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Authors: Rasmussen, K., & Levander, S.
Affiliations: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
Lund University (SE)
ORCID: Rasmussen, Kirsten
Levander, Sten
Venue: Journal of Attention Disorders
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2008-04-09
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 353-360
ISSN: 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
1557-1246
DOI: 10.1177/1087054708314621
OpenAlex: W2056487852
Cited by: 100
References: 39
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 4.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords: adult ADHD, untreated ADHD, sex differences, stimulant medication, ADHD subtypes, combined type ADHD, inattentive subtype, hyperactive-impulsive type, criminality, abuse, psychiatric comorbidity, symptom intensity, vocational functioning
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Crime, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Somatoform Disorders, Comorbidity, Substance-Related Disorders, Withholding Treatment, International Classification of Diseases, Young Adult

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Untreated ADHD in Adults: Are There Sex Differences in Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Impairment?

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