Evaluative infrastructures: Accounting for platform organization

In the paper

“Possibly as a feature intended to continue to offer competition and lower the barriers for entry, the picture which the platform seeks to provide is not the clear and parsimonious one of ranking and ratings (Pollock & D'Adderio, 2012: 258), but rather a complex set of possibilities for making connections which may not immediately be clear.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The indexed passage labeled “1 Finished” discusses how a graphical ranking device shapes IT markets, but does not describe the citing document’s platform or its possibilities for making connections. Searches for the claimed contrast with clear rankings and ratings, and for platform connections and barriers to entry, found no passage addressing it. The indexed passages provide no page number. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites Pollock & D'Adderio, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“This scholarship shares the premise that value is not an objective property of a good, nor a subjective preference of a person, but the outcome of practices and processes of valuation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Karpik, 2010
• Partly supported

  The sections “Financial cognition, calculative agency, performativity, and sets of participants” and “Accounting intersections” describe value as collectively assigned through valuation mechanisms and organizational or market processes (page numbers unavailable). They do not explicitly support the further claim that value is neither an objective property of a good nor a person's subjective preference. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Vollmer et al, 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beckert & Aspers, 2011

In the paper

“This is highlighted by the puzzlement of economists that find evaluative infrastructures to be capable of sustaining markets despite being plagued by factual inaccuracies, misleading claims, and unrepresentative assessments (Tadelis, 2016;Resnick, et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction describes the success of online marketplaces as surprising to early skeptics and says feedback and reputation systems are central to those markets. Section 5, “Biases in Online Feedback Systems,” reports that ratings can be biased and unrepresentative, and the discussion of fake reputations describes misleading assessments. But the paper does not specifically say economists are puzzled that markets persist *despite inaccuracies in those assessments*; its stated surprise concerns trust in anonymous online trade. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites Tadelis, 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Conclusion (page unavailable) calls eBay feedback a system that works despite apparent weaknesses: only half of buyers leave feedback, raising concern about selection bias, yet large numbers of items sell. This supports the puzzlement about markets functioning with potentially unrepresentative assessments. The paper does not establish that the feedback system is plagued by factual inaccuracies or misleading claims; its Additional information section instead suggests that serious seller misrepresentation is uncommon. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Resnick, et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“As already alluded to above, it is important to note that eBay can be read as a more or less traditional hierarchal firm with 12,000 employees; yet, what we are interested in is the fact that its value creation occurs on a platform which mobilises hundreds of millions of users and billions of dollars of transactions without eBay being able to control any of these fundamental activities through its”

In the paper

“there is the important caveat that information is centrally collected by the platform owner who is thus in a position to analyse, mine and sell data (Facebook or Google ads); equally, the platform owner is in a position to use the data to drive certain transactions (e.g.Uber surge).”

In the paper

“This started with a system allowing users to review each other as “positive”, “neutral” or “negative” and to leave a line of feedback or description (such as that at the bottom of Figure 2).Next, these reviews were aggregated into numerical scores for each user (positive reviews added a point, negative reviews subtracted one, and neutral reviews had no effect), and presented in terms of different”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Klein et al, 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zervas et al, 2015 source

In the paper

“Likewise, the written feedback that has no discernible structure but can be cast around any possible subject of concern.”

In the paper

“An inspection of the ecology of devices that make up the feedback forum and user profile (Figures 2 and 3 above) shows that although one can discern an overall score for each user, in the case shown in figure 3 it is 558, linked with a star colour, the profiles do not define what is 'good' or 'bad'.This happens because the overall score measures the volume of positive transactions rather than”

In the paper

“As platform owners, eBay did not seek to extend accounting as a means of territorialisation from the centre.Rather, they mobilized accounting throughout constant and continued experimentation (Ungerleider, 2014) and mining of information endogenous to the site.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Ungerleider, 2014

In the paper

“In developing its infrastructure, eBay did not seek to judge participant's characters or fact check the quality of their offerings.”

In the paper

“In fact, eBay was concerned not to figure out for itself what “reputation” was; a thorough investigation of what lurked behind the numbers (the pursuit of referentiality) would have challenged its status, so essential to its business model, as merely the “modern incarnation of the traditional newspaper classified advertisement and automated and accelerated for the twenty-first century” (Gentry v”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Gentry v eBay in Cohen, 2002

In the paper

“eBay has also sought to manage the development of its 'community' throughout its history.”

In the paper

“this paper develops the concept of evaluative infrastructure which describes accounting practices that enable platform based organization.”

In the paper

“over the past decades two specific strands of accounting literature have challenged this hierarchical orientation and explored accounting in non-hierarchical settings.”

In the paper

“the need to escape what Hopwood (1996) describes as its “hierarchical consciousness”.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hopwood (1996) source

In the paper

“Platform organizations' business models rest on their ability to ensure trust between these buyers and sellers.”

In the paper

“Therefore, supply chain and network accounting are lateral in principle, but often, as research shows, in practice such accounting is concerned with the formation of relative hierarchies between a powerful and a less powerful (set of) firms”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Frances & Garnsey, 1996 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seal et al., 2004 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kraus & Strömsten, 2016 source

In the paper

“this literature remains wedded to notions of hierarchy and the visible hand searching for efficiencies in closed supply chains.”

In the paper

“Platforms hold limited fixed assets, hire only few employees, and externalize the value creation process”

In the paper

“accounting as infrastructure may be simultaneously a means of disclosing a new world, of exploring, opening up, generating new opportunities and new subjectivities”

In the paper

“What allows them to do so is a specific accounting regimea regime that this paper sets out to describe as evaluative infrastructure.”

In the paper

“In contrast with such networks, platforms are more market-based as they invite literally millions of hitherto unknown producers and consumers to transact with each other; the difference is quantitative but also qualitative: platforms do not extend or enlarge a set of relations, but populate a place with the possibilities for relations to form.”

In the paper

“The topography of space upon which accounting has been shown to be assembled is one with a distinctive centre and periphery, exemplified in the notion of territorialization”

In the paper

“Digital technology and the move towards access rather than ownership (Rifkin, 2001), among other factors, are fuelling the rapid growth of platforms.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rifkin, 2001

In the paper

“control in evaluative infrastructures is radically distributed whilst power remains centralized”

In the paper

“Platforms are distinct from hierarchies, markets and networks and challenge their status as opposing and exclusive forms of organization (Powell, 1990).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Powell, 1990

In the paper

“These singular devices function like obligatory points of passage; they format and edit the things and people that are brought through them, while they remain static filters.”

In the paper

“accounting is seen to reconstitute its objects through its capacity to “translate” (Robson, 1992), “transpose” (Knorr-Cetina & Grimpe, 2008), “reframe” (Miller & Power, 2013), or “interess” (Chua, 1995).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Robson, 1992 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Knorr-Cetina & Grimpe, 2008 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller & Power, 2013 source

In the paper

“Accounting, understood this way, is argued to remake its objects through the ability to corner, capture, stabilize, or close: accounting “envelops” its objects (Miller & Power, 2013: 562); it territorializes by fencing in.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller & Power, 2013: 562 source

In the paper

“They are infrastructures because they provide the invisible yet essential mechanisms for the flow of economic activity and exchange on platforms.”

In the paper

“platforms' value-add is to provide an interface for interaction and controlling mechanism for transactions between tens of thousands, sometimes even millions of buyers and sellers who might never meet in person.”

In the paper

“the second, more critical, strand of literature remains tied to a centralist notion of power”

In the paper

“Because value creation itself is accomplished by hundreds of thousands of people outside hierarchical relationships we need to investigate the specificity of the accounting regime that underpins such decentralized production.”

In the paper

“this proposition which we will explore in this paper does not suggest heterarchical accounting regimes would replace more traditional hierarchical forms of accounting.”

In the paper

“In supply chains and networks, production is decentralized but still attributable; the boundary of the firm is extended, but only to include a finite number of other firms.”

In the paper

“They are evaluative because they deploy a plethora of interacting devices, including rankings, ratings, reviews, and audits to establish orders of worth.”

In the paper

“Platforms are a “new type of firm”, which provide “the [digital] infrastructure to intermediate between different groups” (Srnicek, 2016: 12).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Srnicek, 2016: 12

In the paper

“evaluative infrastructures do not territorialize from a center, but instead disclose new worlds.”

In the paper

“internally platform organizations may resemble hierarchically organized firms.”

In the paper

“Platform organizations such as Uber, eBay and Airbnb represent a growing disruptive phenomenon in contemporary capitalism, transforming economic organization, the nature of work, and the distribution of wealth.”

In the paper

“In reality, they are assemblages of technical artefacts, institutional arrangements, cultural habits and social conventions (Hughes, 1983;Bijker et al., 1987).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Hughes, 1983
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  cites Bijker et al., 1987

In the paper

“In contradistinction, protocol puts emphasis on the intricate, perhaps even paradoxical, relationship between distributed control and centralized power.”

In the paper

“Hence, we face intricate power relations in platforms' accounting regime: whilst control of goods and services is radically decentralized, power is concentrated in the hands of the platform owner.”

In the paper

“Accounting, in other words, operates by creating relations between actions, behaviours and preferences, so as to engineer possibilities of a match.”

In the paper

“Central to eBay's story has been its early development of evaluative infrastructures (Baron, 2001), which Stone et al. (2014: 357) describe as “the world's largest and most widely imitated MCS [management control system]”.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Baron, 2001
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stone et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“On the Feedback Forum, Baron (2001: 246) notes, “members established informal standards, provided feedback on other members' performance, and policed the site”.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Baron, 2001

In the paper

“But not only physical infrastructures exercise power; categorical infrastructures (Schneiberg & Berk, 2010) shape perceptions, guide attention and pattern “structures of intentionality” (Goodwin quoted in Bowker & Star, 1999: 287).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schneiberg & Berk, 2010 source
• ?Not matched

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  cites Goodwin quoted in Bowker & Star, 1999

In the paper

“Therefore, while well aware of the potential for some bias and also the need for further in depth studies, we have gathered data for this section from a wide variety of primary and secondary sources such as investigatory journalism and academic research.”

In the paper

“We capture this quality through arguing that evaluative infrastructures disclose new worlds: they do not simply measure (capture, calculate) what is there, or what a centre imagines there to be, nor do they territorialize (fence in, colonize) life-worlds.”

• Also stated in: § Summary and critical appreciation: going beyond accounting's hierarchical consciousness · plain

  “Translated into the context of platform organization: evaluative infrastructures do not calculate what is there but disclose new worlds through creating objects that are not so much the outcomes of programmatic aspirations, but of a surplus of data and traces, which produce new possibilities of discovery and invention.”

In the paper

“We argue that in evaluative infrastructures power is centralized, while control is radically decentralized.”

In the paper

“This highlights the relational aspect of infrastructures: infrastructures are not singular mediating devices that strive for referentiatlity between objects and representations; rather, evaluative infrastructures generate relations (not references) between things, people and ideas.”

In the paper

“This alludes to the temporal dimension of infrastructure: it is a dynamic assemblage that is evolving and changing.”

In the paper

“Rather, infrastructures are a form of control that determines the potentiality of any place within the network, defining what is possible and actual (to paraphrase Hopwood, 1987).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hopwood, 1987 source

In the paper

“This section has also been sent to and informally discussed with a member of eBay Labs with the aim to check accuracy and explore its propositions.”

In the paper

“The relational character of feedback makes it potentially surprising and generative of new issues and possibilities.”

In the paper

“A private ordering emerged; it was said (perhaps overstated) that “trust on the site was so high and the feeling of community so strong that it was common for sellers to ship items even before they had received bidders' payments” (Baron, 2001: 26).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Baron, 2001

In the paper

“Hence, in infrastructure, the technical and the social are inextricably intertwined (Larkin, 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Larkin, 2013 source

In the paper

“Disciplinary power as defined by Foucault is about enclosure (territorialisation) of things and people, whilst control is about managing flows (Deleuze, 1992).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Deleuze, 1992

In the paper

“Our reading of extant research echoes Hopwood's diagnosis that even “the so called new management accountings still tend to maintain this hierarchical orientation””

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Hopwood

In the paper

“Whilst much extant research has focused on moments of valuation (Antal et al., 2015) or singular valuation devices (Muniesa et al., 2007) the concept of evaluative infrastructures puts emphasis on the distributed, systematic nature of valuation processes that underpin platform organization.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Antal et al., 2015
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Muniesa et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“As Star and Ruhleder (1996: 114) argued, an “infrastructure occurs when the tension between local and global is resolved.””

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Star and Ruhleder, 1996 source

In the paper

“Evaluative infrastructures include rankings, ratings, reviews, tests, audits, assessments and other evaluation mechanisms (Antal et al., 2015;Kornberger et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Antal et al., 2015
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  cites Kornberger et al., 2015

In the paper

“First, because of this radically relational character infrastructures need to be understood as ecologies (Star & Ruhleder, 1996, referencing Bateson, 1972;Star, 1999;Bowker et al., 2010;Monteiro et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Star & Ruhleder, 1996 source
• ?Not matched

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  cites Bateson, 1972
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Star, 1999 source

In the paper

“Hence, departing from the focus on singular mediating instruments, we propose thinking of an “ecology of devices” that Star and Ruhleder (1996;Star, 1999;Monteiro et al., 2013) describe as “infrastructure”.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Star and Ruhleder (1996;Star, 1999;Monteiro et al., 2013)

In the paper

“Whilst there may be no single actor in the centre, there is a centre that controls activities and exercises power.”

In the paper

“In the case of eBay, reputation is not “there” to facilitate exchange; rather, reputation is the result of evaluative infrastructure's disclosing, constituting an asset which Fourcade and Healy (2013;2016) described as “ubercapital”-the form of capital arising from the “digital record” which evaluative infrastructure unfurls.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fourcade and Healy, 2013 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fourcade and Healy, 2016 source

In the paper

“eBay users become the auditors of platform activities, and in-house fraud investigation and protection becomes only a reluctantly-used last resort (Stone, Nikitkov, & Miller, 2014: 368).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stone, Nikitkov, & Miller, 2014 source

In the paper

“By virtue of its ownership of the platform (as well as the possibilities that the data generates), eBay is able to draw boundaries on what can and cannot be traded, outlawing, for instance, the sale of firearms, drugs, body parts, and alcohol and cigarettes, as well as determining how trade can take place, by, for instance, establishing PayPal as the site's de-facto payment mechanism (Cohen, 2002;”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Cohen, 2002
• ?Not matched

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  cites Long, 2010

In the paper

“Consistent with the accounting literature, sellers engage in gaming activities (Argyris, 1990) such as “shrilling” and “feedback bombing”, as well as getting caught up in self-fulfilling prophecies, whereby initial negative feedback increases the chances of receiving subsequent negative feedback (Cabral & Hortacsu, 2004: Saeedi et al, 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Argyris, 1990 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cabral & Hortacsu, 2004 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Saeedi et al, 2013

In the paper

“Crucially, eBay's proprietary interfaces, from discussion boards to the feedback forum and even its fraud detection system, depend upon its users to work.They require that users evaluate, assess, control, and follow up what their fellow users do, creating much of the information that eBay's evaluative infrastructure collects, analysis and uses to organize its platform.”

In the paper

“Such adjudication would have limited eBay's ability to scale, because of the resources required and because doing so would make the company liable for the claims made in its site.”

In the paper

“The hidden cursor directs attention to the point that platforms rely upon two types of accounting.One type of accounting is conventionally hierarchical: as a firm, eBay accounts for its profits, assets and costs and controls hierarchically its in-house employees.Another type is the accounting that makes up the platform's ability to connect and relate millions of suppliers and buyers.”

In the paper

“Attention to the elaboration of evaluative infrastructure highlights that problematic way in which organizations constitute, control and commodify capital from digital traces.”

In the paper

“This relationship between power and control can be described analytically as protocol (Deleuze, 1992;Lessig, 1999;Galloway, 2004).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites Deleuze, 1992
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  cites Lessig, 1999
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  cites Galloway, 2004

In the paper

“Thirdly, evaluative infrastructures are problematic because they constitute not only economic value but also life chances.”

In the paper

“As a platform, eBay's accounting mechanisms make it a producer of classifications looking for traces and combinations which can be pulled together to disclose the world in a new way.”

In the paper

“Unfolding in this way, evaluative infrastructures operate without a stable referent.”

In the paper

“Even though eBay asserts no responsibility for the claims made on its platform, it maintains strict control over the infrastructure and the data which it generates.”

In the paper

“This is the reason why reputations are bought and sold on eBay and why sellers have sued buyers for leaving negative feedback (Med Express Inc. v Amy Nicholls and eBay Inc.; Baron, 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Med Express Inc. v Amy Nicholls and eBay Inc.
• ?Not matched

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  cites Baron, 2001

In the paper

“There are even online platforms (such as traity.com)whose sole purpose is to manage users' various forms of “ubercapital” which they acquire on other platforms, in social media, in computer games, and elsewhere.”

In the paper

“Hierarchies and markets, of course live on, even within platform organizations; managers, not history, confront managerial dilemmas and choose how and on what terms to respond to them.As such, management accounting and its hierarchical consciousness have a significant-and in our rendering a perhaps sometimes deemphasized-place in theorizing the prevalent patterns of organizational change.”

In the paper

“The case of eBay highlights the infrastructural character of a heterachical mode of accounting.”

In the paper

“But, they do not necessarily have to be controlled as individuals; rather, with each new user, eBay recruits an additional auditor (in disguise) of platform activity.”

In the paper

“What were once anonymous and remote buyers and sellers wary of online commerce, had become multi-dimensional representations (usernames, histories, feedback ratings, points, stars, and other descriptors) transacting at a significant scale,”

In the paper

“Instead, it is about creating the condition for the possibility of hitherto unknown things to surface.In this sense, disclosing is about exploration, not exposure.”

In the paper

“This mutual dependency was highlighted by a series of insurgencies led by disgruntled users in response to changes to the Feedback Forum throughout its development.”

In the paper

“the use of many exclamation marks for instance was read as indicative of assertiveness and hence aggressive driving behaviour.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/02/admiral-to-price-car-insurance-based-on-facebook-posts

In the paper

“Past buying behaviour leads to personalized recommendations for future purchases: evaluative infrastructure creates patterns, relentlessly connecting, comparing, and contextualizing.This leads to an endogenous ordering as infrastructure-immanent activity as opposed to external categorizations.”

In the paper

“Today's platform based firms, such as eBay, Uber and Airbnb but also its smaller siblings in the emerging fintech industry or blockchain banking are big data firms: their competence is data creation, collection, experimentation, and analysis (McAfee & Brynjolfsson, 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McAfee & Brynjolfsson, 2012

In the paper

“In fact, eBay, like other platform organizations, is notoriously secretive about its evaluative infrastructure; it is as if the evaluation seemed to be premised on the fact that its production has to remain secret in order to stay truthful.”

In the paper

“These topographies neither represent calculative spaces (bookkeeping), nor concrete spaces (such as the factory floor) nor abstract spaces (such as the brand); rather, they are emerging spaces of values (trust in eBay; skills in LinkedIn; reputation in Airbnb) that are disclosed through evaluative infrastructures.As over time different infrastructures are layered on top of each other, they will”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dourish & Bell, 2007 source

In the paper

“Firstly, power and control do not flow in only one direction (as in, for instance, the development of rules within an outsourced network) but develop at the same time, and in different directions.”

In the paper

“Evaluative infrastructures are assemblages of heterogeneous elements that create relations between elements across space and time.As such, we showed that they are not singular mediating devices that strive for referentiality between objects and representations.Rather, they are ecologies of interacting devices that generate relations (not references) between people's actions, behaviours, experi”

In the paper

“Hence, evaluative infrastructures are contextualizing machines: they constantly link events, actions, behaviours, decisions (clicks), assessments and other traces left unintentionally and unconsciously (such as speed of typing, time of access, or browser used to access site)all of which are used to build a web of context around objects and subjects.”

In the paper

“After a public outcry on privacy grounds Admiral had to shelf its ideafor now.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/02/admiral-to-price-car-insurance-based-on-facebook-posts

In the paper

“In so doing, evaluative infrastructures disclose values that represent the resource base of economic activity.As shown, eBay's evaluative infrastructure discloses trust as key currency without which it could not operate.Through its evaluative infrastructure, eBay creates the non-economic values it relies on for its economic success.”

In the paper

“Hence, it is unsatisfactory to say that evaluative infrastructures reframe or constitute preexisting types of trust because it is formed and disclosed via evaluative infrastructures that , generate opportunities to connect just like a new highway built into wilderness discloses the opportunity to travel, visit and settle.It is equally unsatisfactory to argue that trust is socially constructed: at”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lury & Marres, 2015 source

In the paper

“In eBay's evaluative infrastructure control is decentralized, whereas power remains centralized.eBay exercises power through its infrastructural design, maintaining standards, imposing what counts and how to count, excluding users, and introducing rules.”

In the paper

“Whilst there can be no doubt of the centralized power of eBay as a firm, control itself is decentralized and distributed alongside the production processes of eBay as a platform.As a firm, eBay might reproduce accounting's hierarchical consciousness; however, as a platform, eBay's evaluative infrastructure illustrates a heterarchical mode of accounting.”

In the paper

“Big data for instance is an important precondition to and outcome of the development of evaluative infrastructures.”

In the paper

“Through connecting events, actions, behaviours, decisions (clicks) and assessments by third parties on eBay, new qualities such as reputation or trust come to the fore.These qualities are not a result of referencing or trailing, but of relations that the infrastructure engenders without altering the connected objects themselves.”

In the paper

“Evaluative infrastructures embody expectations about the future.This can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies and other forms of reversed causality in which expectations of future behaviour shape present behaviour.A second important temporal dynamic are network effects that might turn infrastructures that have grown to critical mass into de-facto standards.”

In the paper

“Evaluative infrastructures produce novel apparatuses of power: they are not centres of calculation that allow action at distance, projecting power to the periphery.Rather, evaluative infrastructures produce a more differentiated regime: in evaluative infrastructures control is radically distributed, whilst power remains centralized.”

In the paper

“On the one hand, the platform owners gain ever more power to make use of platform data and to design protocol rules.On the other hand, the platform owners gain this power through the distribution of control.”

In the paper

“Rather, eBay's evaluative infrastructure disclosed a new form of relationality in which trust between anonymous actors could come into existence: through feedback loops, ratings, comments, and other evaluation mechanisms trust came into existence as a quantification.”

In the paper

“The concept of evaluative infrastructures serves as reminder for the relentless background work that has to be accomplished in order to turn 0/1s into voices and values.”

In the paper

“Even for the benevolent observer it must have become obvious that the difference between purporting and provoking has been conflated in the disclosing powers of platform accounting.”

In the paper

“The experiment aimed to determine whether the company could alter the emotional state of its users.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Guardian

In the paper

“Users may gain control but, because the emergence evaluative infrastructure as protocol creates ever bigger network effects (Haucap and Heimeshoff, 2014), users lose power to resist or even exit the platforms as switching costs increase with every new user.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Haucap and Heimeshoff, 2014 source

In the paper

“indeed, evaluative infrastructures are at play at Uber just as well as at its cooperative twin, the mobility platform LaZooz.As such evaluative infrastructures span ideological boundaries, suggesting that rhetorical disagreements are in reality based on a shared intellectual and material investments.”