Appetite sensations and satiety quotient: Predictors of energy intake and weight loss
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to further evaluate the validity and clinical meaningfulness of appetite sensations to predict overall energy intake as well as body weight loss.Methods Men (n = 176) and women (n = 139) involved in six weight loss studies were selected to participate in this study. Visual analogue scales were used to measure appetite sensations before and after a fixed test meal. Fasting appetite sensations, 1 h post-prandial area under the curve (AUC) and the satiety quotient (SQ) were used as predictors of energy intake and body weight loss. Two separate measures of energy intake were used: a buffet style ad libitum test lunch and a three-day self-report dietary record.Results One-hour post-prandial AUC for all appetite sensations represented the strongest predictors of ad libitum test lunch energy intake (p < or = 0.001). These associations were more consistent and pronounced for women than men. Only SQ for fullness was associated with ad libitum test lunch energy intake in women. Similar but weaker relationships were found between appetite sensations and the 3-day self-reported energy intake. Weight loss was associated with changes in appetite sensations (p < or = 0.01) and the best predictors of body weight loss were fasting desire to eat; hunger; and PFC (p < or = 0.01).Conclusions These results demonstrate that appetite sensations are relatively useful predictors of spontaneous energy intake, free-living total energy intake and body weight loss. They also confirm that SQ for fullness predicts energy intake, at least in women.
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Weakened appetite signals among LSP individuals can increase their susceptibility to overeating.
“Weakened appetite signals among these individuals can increase their susceptibility to overeating [40,41].”
From Homeostatic and Circadian Control of Food Intake: Clinical Strategies to Prevent Overconsumption (2013) · cites this paper as [40]
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Marcela Reyes, J., Hoyos, V., Martinez, S. M., Lozoff, B., Castillo, M., Burrows, R. A., Blanco, E., & Gahagan, S. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.191 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Responses on the VAS predict later calorie intake (25, 26) and have been associated with neural activity in appetite regulatory centers (27).”
BackgroundGender Differences in the Appetite Response to a Satiating Diet
Bédard, A., Hudon, A.-M., Drapeau, V., Corneau, L., Dodin, S., & Lemieux, S. (2015) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2015/140139 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Therefore, although a satietybased approach has been suggested for body weight management [33] and that reported appetite sensations have been identified as good predictors of subsequent energy intake in men and women [18], the present results should not be overinterpreted and further studies need to determine whether…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationAre Post-Exercise Appetite Sensations and Energy Intake Coupled in Children and Adolescents?
Thivel, D., & Chaput, J. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0160-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Weight Loss and Appetite Control in Women
Hintze, L. J., Mahmoodianfard, S., Auguste, C. B., & Doucet, É. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0273-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Stenblom, E.-L., Egecioglu, E., Landin‐Olsson, M., & Erlanson‐Albertsson, C. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.051 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Visual analog scales (VAS) are reliable tools for this assessment (Drapeau et al., 2007; Flint et al., 2000).”
Finkelstein, J. M., Heemels, M.-T., Shadan, S., & Weiss, U. K. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/510047a · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lewis, H. B., Ahern, A. L., Solis‐Trapala, I., Walker, C. G., Reimann, F. M., Gribble, F. M., & Jebb, S. A. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21105 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This is in agreement with some (12,27-29), but not all (30,31), previous studies.”
ResultHopkins, M., Gibbons, C., Caudwell, P., Blundell, J. E., & Finlayson, G. (2016) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516000775 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that the SQ provides a better marker of satiety than postprandial hunger ratings, as it takes into account both the pre-meal appetite sensations and the energy content of the meal consumed((32)).”
Self-citationThe Role of Alginates in Regulation of Food Intake and Glycemia: A Gastroenterological Perspective
Khoury, D. T. D. E., Goff, H. D., & Anderson, G. H. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.700654 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although not strongly established, a correlation between measures of hunger or fullness and improved outcomes for weight loss has been described in some studies (Womble et al., 2001; Drapeau et al., 2007).”
ResultStolerman, I. P., & Price, L. H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_200815 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Serna, A., Marhuenda, J., Arcusa, R., Pérez-Piñero, S., Sánchez-Macarro, M., Victoria‐Montesinos, D., Cánovas, F., Jones, J., Caturla, N., & López-Román, J. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02678-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Arguin, H., Tremblay, A., Blundell, J. E., Després, J., Richard, D., Lamarche, B., & Drapeau, V. (2017) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517002549 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“This ‘low satiety phenotype’ (LSP) has been observed in approximately 10% of obese patients consulting for weight loss in our nutrition clinic((3)), and has been associated with higher reported and measured energy intakes((4,5)).”
Self-citationAu‐Yeung, F., Jovanovski, E., Jenkins, A. L., Zurbau, A., Ho, H. V. T., & Vuksan, V. V. V. (2017) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114517003233 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The intervention preloads were the following: (1) cooked pasta noodles with no KGM-gel noodles (control); (2) substitution of half cooked pasta noodles with KGM-gel noodles (50-KGM); (3) complete substitution of cooked pasta noodles with KGM-gel noodles (100-KGM).”
BackgroundMethodSainsbury, A., Wood, R. E., Seimon, R. V., Hills, A. P., King, N. A., Gibson, A. A., & Byrne, N. M. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12787 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Indeed, it has been reported that the increase in the drive to eat in response to a weight-reducing intervention in adults with obesity positively predicted energy intake at a buffet-style ad libitum test lunch or under free-living conditions, an effect that was more pronounced in women than in men (46).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Effect of Tesofensine on Appetite Sensations
Gilbert, J., Gasteyger, C., Raben, A., Meier, D. H., Astrup, A. V., & Sjödin, A. M. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.197 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Appetite, Satiety, and Food Reward in Obese Individuals: A Behavioral Phenotype Approach
Dalton, M., Finlayson, G., Esdaile, E. K., & King, N. A. (2013) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-013-0060-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationAccumulating Data to Optimally Predict Obesity Treatment (ADOPT) Core Measures: Psychosocial Domain
Sutin, A. R., Boutelle, K. N., Czajkowski, S. M., Epel, E. S., Green, P. A., Hunter, C. M., Rice, E. L., Williams, D. M., Young-Hyman, D. L., & Rothman, A. J. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22160 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“An inability to recognize and respond to internal sensations of hunger (70) or a weakened satiety response to food consumption (71) are risk factors for overconsumption and weight gain.”
BackgroundChoi, B. S.-Y., Brunelle, L., Pilon, G., Cautela, B. V. G., Tompkins, T. A., Drapeau, V., Marette, A., & Tremblay, A. (2022) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2022.2081288 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationJacob, R., Tremblay, A., Fildes, A., Llewellyn, C. H., Beeken, R. J., Panahi, S., Provencher, V., & Drapeau, V. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01229-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationGreater hunger and less restraint predict weight loss success with phentermine treatment
Thomas, E. A., Mcnair, B., Bechtell, J. L., Ferland, A., Cornier, M., & Eckel, R. H. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21244 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Subjective ratings of appetite as measured using VAS have been shown in most studies to predict subsequent energy intake and indicate potential changes in body weight, and are frequently used in studies assessing appetite and the appetitive response to various interventions (22,24,26-29).”
MethodMcNeil, J., Mamlouk, M. M., Duval, K., Schwartz, A., Nardo, N., & Doucet, É. (2014) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2014/482547 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“A higher SQ indicates a greater satiety response to the standardized meal [23].”
BackgroundTrudel-Guy, C., Bédard, A., Corneau, L., Bélanger‐Gravel, A., Desroches, S., Bégin, C., Provencher, V., & Lemieux, S. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104392 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bonnema, A. L., Altschwager, D. K., Thomas, W., & Slavin, J. L. (2016) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2016.1196654 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Protein is thought to be the most satiating macronutrient (Drapeau et al. 2007).”
BackgroundHopkins, M., Beaulieu, K., Myers, A., Gibbons, C., & Blundell, J. E. (2017) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2017.1395693 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“tive of successful long-term weight loss [26] and weight loss”
BackgroundSelf-citationHaghighat, N., Ashtary‐Larky, D., Bagheri, R., Mahmoodi, M., Rajaei, M., Alipour, M., Kooti, W., Aghamohammdi, V., & Wong, A. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520002019 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Besides visual inspection of appetite, there is a need to determine the strength of satiety through ad libitum intake (70) .”
Fillon, A., Mathieu, M.-E., Masurier, J., Roche, J., Miguet, M., Khammassi, M., Finlayson, G., Beaulieu, K., Pereira, B., Duclos, M., et al. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104506 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Impact of Agaricus bisporus mushroom consumption on satiety and food intake
Hess, J., Wang, Q., Kraft, C., & Slavin, J. L. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.021 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“(Drapeau et al., 2007; Joanne Slavin, 36 2013) A great deal of research has been conducted on the satiating abilities of different 37 macronutrients.”
BackgroundDrapeau, V., Jacob, R., Panahi, S., & Tremblay, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020245 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This result does not support our hypothesis, but is concordant with a previous weight loss study based on energy restriction [15].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBiomarkers of appetite: is there a potential role for metabolomics?
Horner, K. M., Hopkins, M., Finlayson, G., Gibbons, C., & Brennan, L. (2020) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422420000062 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“those with lower satiety responsiveness to a test meal, is often assessed using the satiety quotient which relates the suppression of hunger, fullness and desire to eat to the amount of energy consumed(134), and has been characterised by a tendency towards a higher anxiety level and blunted cortisol response(135), alo…”
BackgroundHintze, L. J., Goldfield, G. S., Seguin, R., Damphousse, A., Riopel, A., & Doucet, É. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.032 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Validation of a new hand-held electronic appetite rating system against the pen and paper method
Almiron‐Roig, E., Green, H., Virgili, R., Aeschlimann, J., Moser, M., & Erkner, A. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.09.014 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Caffeine treatment prevented from weight regain after calorie shifting diet induced weight loss.
Davoodi, S. H., Hajimiresmaiel, S. J., Ajami, M., Mohseni-Bandpei, A., Ayatollahi, S. A., Dowlatshahi, K., Javedan, G., & Pazoki–Toroudi, H. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Effects of Asprosin on Exercise-Intervention in Metabolic Diseases
Liu, L., Liu, Y., HUANG, M. L., Zhang, M., Zhu, C., Chen, X., Bennett, S., Xu, J., & Zou, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.907358 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“For obesity, appetite is an effective predictor of reduced energy intake and weight loss (Drapeau et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHollingworth, S., Dalton, M., Blundell, J. E., & Finlayson, G. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11092030 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This complements previous research that has demonstrated appetite sensations to be associated with subsequent energy intake [34].”
Self-citationA systematic review of the use of the Satiety Quotient
Fillon, A., Beaulieu, K., Mathieu, M.-E., Tremblay, A., Boirie, Y., Drapeau, V., & Thivel, D. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520002457 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Regarding the calculation of SQ, all of the included studies used the equation proposed by Drapeau et al.(10) (appetite sen-”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCalorie shifting diet versus calorie restriction diet: a comparative clinical trial study.
Davoodi, S. H., Ajami, M., Ayatollahi, S. A., Dowlatshahi, K., Javedan, G., & Pazoki–Toroudi, H. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The psychological basis of hunger and its dysfunctions
Stevenson, R. J. (2023) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad092 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Adaptations to a diet‐based weight‐reducing programme in obese women resistant to weight loss
Tremblay, A., Page, C. L., Panahi, S., Couture, C., & Drapeau, V. (2015) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12094 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“These observations are concordant with previous studies providing evidence that appetite sensations are relatively useful predictors of spontaneous energy intake, free-living total energy intake and body weight loss (24,29).”
ResultSelf-citationQuantifying satiation and satiety
Chapelot, D. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857098719.1.12 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bentzen, B. H., Grunnet, M., Hyveled‐Nielsen, L., Sundgreen, C., Lassen, J. B., & Hansen, H. H. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20122 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“important predictor of weight relapse (13-15), and suppression of appetite function is, therefore, considered very important for the maintenance of weight loss.”
BackgroundSayer, R. D., Peters, J. C., Pan, Z., Wyatt, H. R., & Hill, J. O. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060700 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For example, lower hunger ratings were predictive of greater weight loss during lifestyle-only and lifestyle plus pharmacological interventions [10,13], and increased feelings of hunger following weight loss likely contribute to weight regain [14,15].”
BackgroundÍñiguez, M., Pérez‐Matute, P., Villanueva-Millán, M. J., Recio‐Fernández, E., Roncero‐Ramos, I., Pérez-Clavijo, M., & Oteo, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-018-0649-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Satiety and body weight control. Promise and compromise. Comment on ‘Satiety. No way to slim’
Bellisle, F., & Tremblay, A. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.12.023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationShort sleep duration is associated with a lower mean satiety quotient in overweight and obese men
McNeil, J., Drapeau, V., Gallant, A. R., Tremblay, A., Doucet, É., & Chaput, J. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.204 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDouglas, S. M., & Leidy, H. J. (2019) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz061 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Douglas, S. M., Byers, A. W., & Leidy, H. J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061223 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Although some acute studies detect a predictive relationship between perceived appetite and subsequent food intake [16,26], this relationship is inconsistent [27,28].”
BackgroundHaghighat, N., Ashtary‐Larky, D., Bagheri, R., Wong, A., Cheraghloo, N., Moradpour, G., Nordvall, M., Asbaghi, O., Moeinvaziri, N., Amini, M., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072266 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Moreover, subjective interpretations of biological mechanisms do not provide the full picture of appetite control and certainly, energy intake and other variables contribute to levels of satiety and satiation [76].”
Background
- Authors
- Drapeau, V., King, N., Hetherington, M., Doucet, E., Blundell, J., & Tremblay, A.
- Affiliations
- Université Laval (CA)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Glasgow Caledonian University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tremblay, Angelo
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-166
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1511983393
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (acceptedVersion)
- Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- energy intake, weight loss, hunger, desire to eat, satiety, postprandial appetite, sex differences, self-reported dietary intake
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Eating, Female, Humans, Hunger, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Predictive Value of Tests, Satiety Response, Sex Factors, Weight Loss, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Postprandial Period, Area Under Curve
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