Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss
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Objective To identify and characterize the individual variability in compensation for exercise-induced changes in energy expenditure (EE).Design Twelve-week exercise intervention.Subjects Thirty-five overweight and obese sedentary men and women (body mass index, 31.8+/-4.1 kg m(-2); age, 39.6+/-11.0 years) were prescribed exercise five times per week for 12 weeks under supervised conditions.Measurements Body weight, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), total daily energy intake (EI) and subjective appetite sensations were measured at weeks 0 and 12.Results When all subjects' data were pooled, the mean reduction in body weight (3.7+/-3.6 kg) was significant (P<0.0001) and as predicted, which suggested no compensation for the increase in EE. However, further examination revealed a large individual variability in weight change (-14.7 to +1.7 kg). Subjects were identified as compensators (C) or noncompensators (NC) based on their actual weight loss (mean NC=6.3+/-3.2 kg and C=1.5+/- 2.5 kg) relative to their predicted weight loss. C and NC were characterized by their different metabolic and behavioural compensatory responses. Moderate changes in RMR occurred in C (-69.2+/-268.7 kcal day(-1)) and NC (14.2+/-242.7 kcal day(-1)). EI and average daily subjective hunger increased by 268.2+/-455.4 kcal day(-1) and 6.9+/-11.4 mm day(-1) in C, whereas EI decreased by 130+/-485 kcal day(-1) and there was no change in subjective appetite (0.4+/-9.6 mm day(-1)) in NC.Conclusion These results demonstrate that expressing the exercise-induced change in body weight as a group mean conceals the large inter-individual variability in body weight and compensatory responses. Individuals who experience a lower than predicted weight loss are compensating for the increase in EE.
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Outcomes of meta-analyses are average values that may mask or underestimate high inter-individual variability in response to exercise training of weight-related outcomes.
“It needs to be reminded that outcomes of meta‐analyses are average values that may mask or underestimate high inter‐individual variability in response to exercise training of weight‐related outcomes.”
In many cases the degree of weight lost with exercise is somewhat less than that theoretically predicted on the basis of measured energy expenditure and its presumed relationship to tissue lost.
“in many cases the degree of weight lost is somewhat less than that theoretically predicted on the basis of the measured EE and its presumed relationship to tissue lost [13, 14].”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
The most significant outcome of the study by King et al. and other similar investigations is the range of individual adjustments in body weight.
“The most significant outcome of the study by King et al. [13] - and other similar investigations [14] - is the range of individual adjustments in body weight as shown in Figure 3.”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Some participants gained weight despite performing supervised and measured exercise sessions (5 days per week for 12 weeks).
“This outcome is quite remarkable because the weight gain of some participants was achieved despite the performance of supervised and measured exercise sessions (5 days per week for 12 weeks).”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
In medium-term studies with mandatory daily exercise for 12 weeks in overweight and obese individuals, average weight loss was approximately 3.3 kg (average reduction in body fat also 3.3 kg), with weight change varying between -14.7 kg and +1.7 kg.
“For medium term studies, in which mandatory exercise sessions were performed daily for 12 weeks in overweight and obese individuals [13], an average weight loss of approximately 3.3 kg was recorded (the average reduction in body fat was also 3.3kg) but with weight change varying between -14.7 kg and +1.7 kg.”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Despite all participants completing the exercise sessions (total exercise-induced energy expenditure 28-29,000 kcal), there was a large variation in the change in body composition.
“Therefore even though all participants completed the exercise sessions (with total exercise-induced EE calculated at 28 - 29,000 kcal), there was a large variation in the change in body composition.”
From Appetite control and energy balance: Impact of exercise (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
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“It needs to be reminded that outcomes of metaanalyses are average values that may mask or underestimate high inter-individual variability in response to exercise training of weightrelated outcomes.(30) For clinical purposes, it would be of interest to investigate further the predictors of higher weight loss with exerc…”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- King, N. A., Hopkins, M., Caudwell, P., Stubbs, R. J., & Blundell, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- King, N A
- Venue
- International Journal of Obesity
- Published
- 2007-09-11
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 177-184
- ISSN
- 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5497
- OpenAlex
- W2042424875
- Cited by
- 429
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/B/05079)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- exercise-induced weight loss, energy expenditure, interindividual variability, resting metabolic rate, energy intake, subjective appetite, hunger, overweight and obesity, weight prediction, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Appetite, Basal Metabolism, Body Composition, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Weight Loss, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Overweight
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