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Exosomes as therapeutic drug carriers and delivery vehicles across biological membranes: current perspectives and future challenges
Open accessAbstract
Exosomes are small intracellular membrane-based vesicles with different compositions that are involved in several biological and pathological processes. The exploitation of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles offers important advantages compared to other nanoparticulate drug delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles; exosomes are non-immunogenic in nature due to similar composition as body׳s own cells. In this article, the origin and structure of exosomes as well as their biological functions are outlined. We will then focus on specific applications of exosomes as drug delivery systems in pharmaceutical drug development. An overview of the advantages and challenges faced when using exosomes as a pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicles will also be discussed.
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“In contrast to implanted cells, exosomes are inherently non-immunogenic, signifying that they do not trigger an immune rejection response following implantation, thereby significantly enhancing the safety of the treatment [14].”
From Hydrogel scaffold encapsulating MSC-Exos and ZIF-8 promotes bone regeneration via coordinating osteogenesis and immunomodulation (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Exosomes have been used to deliver small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids to the brain due to their nonimmunogenic nature; however, there still exist many challenges in the isolation methods, cargo loading procedure, in vivo toxicity, and pharmacokinetics (7, 13).”
From Neurotransmitter-derived lipidoids (NT-lipidoids) for enhanced brain delivery through intravenous injection (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Importantly, the engineered exosomes could cross the multiple layers of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and target cancer cells within the brain tissue (40, 65–68).”
From Potential Therapeutic Effects of Exosomes Packed With a miR-21-Sponge Construct in a Rat Model of Glioblastoma (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
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“Exosomes have been used to deliver small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids to the brain due to their nonimmunogenic nature; however, there still exist many challenges in the isolation methods, cargo loading procedure, in vivo toxicity, and pharmacokinetics (7, 13).”
From Neurotransmitter-derived lipidoids (NT-lipidoids) for enhanced brain delivery through intravenous injection (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ha, D., Yang, N., & Nadithe, V.
- Affiliations
- Manchester University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nadithe, Venkatareddy
- ORCID
- Yang, Ningning
- Venue
- Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 287-296
- ISSN
- 2211-3835 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4951582
- OpenAlex
- W2295603197
- Cited by
- 1,346
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 137 · 2024: 169 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 160 · 2021: 204 · 2020: 172 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 8.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- exosomes, drug carriers, membrane crossing, non-immunogenicity, drug development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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