CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 54

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Is protein the forgotten ingredient: Effects of higher compared to lower protein diets on cardiometabolic risk factors. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Vogtschmidt, Yakima D., Raben, Anne, Faber, Ilona, de Wilde, Claudia, Lovegrove, Julie A., Givens, D. Ian, Pfeiffer, Andreas F.H., Soedamah-Muthu, Sabita S.·2021·Atherosclerosis
DOI 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.011
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.011

Cites

17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In chronic interventions, higher-protein conditions consistently outperform lower-protein comparators for weight loss-related outcomes.

    “In chronic interventions, higher-protein conditions consistently outperform lower-protein comparators for weight loss-related outcomes.”

    From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [97]

    Section 3.3 (page not available in our copy) reports small pooled advantages for higher-protein diets in weight loss and fat-mass loss. But BMI and waist-circumference differences were not statistically significant, and the weight-regain result weakened when an influential trial was removed. The claim that higher-protein conditions consistently outperform across weight-loss-related outcomes overstates the findings. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A large systematic review and meta-analysis by Vogtschmidt et al. of 54 RCTs found that higher-protein diets (20%-45% of total energy) resulted in greater weight loss, fat loss, and improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors than lower-protein comparator diets (20%-23% of total energy).

    “Illustrating this, a large systematic review and meta-analysis by Vogtschmidt et al. [97], which included 54 RCTs found that higher-protein diets (20%–45% of total energy) resulted in greater weight loss, fat loss, and improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors (systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin) than lower-protein comparator diets (20%–23% of total energy).”

    From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [97]

    The Study selection process reports 54 RCTs, and the Abstract reports small favourable effects on weight loss, fat mass loss, systolic blood pressure, some lipid outcomes and insulin. Study characteristics gives the higher-protein range as 20–45% of energy, but the lower-protein range as 10–23%, not the claimed 20–23%. (LLM, conf=0.92)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 48

  1. 2012, Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for protein: dietary reference value for protein, EFSA J., 10, 2557, 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2557 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Houston, 2008, Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87, 150, 10.1093/ajcn/87.1.150 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Dorrington, 2020, A review of nutritional requirements of adults aged ≥65 Years in the UK, J. Nutr., 150, 2245, 10.1093/jn/nxaa153 · DOI
  4. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2014, Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012-Integrating nutrition and physical activity, Nord Nutr. Recomm. 2014, 5
  5. Richter, 2019, Revised reference values for the intake of protein, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 74, 242, 10.1159/000499374 · DOI
  6. Chen, 2020, Dietary protein intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: results from the Rotterdam Study and a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Eur. J. Epidemiol., 35, 411, 10.1007/s10654-020-00607-6 · DOI
  7. Zhong, 2020, Associations of processed meat, unprocessed red meat, poultry, or fish intake with incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, JAMA Intern. Med., 180, 503, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6969 · DOI
  8. Tian, 2017, Dietary protein consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, Nutrients, 9, 10.3390/nu9090982 · DOI
  9. Levine, 2014, Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population, Cell Metabol., 19, 407, 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.02.006 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Mittendorfer, 2020, A word of caution against excessive protein intake, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 16, 59, 10.1038/s41574-019-0274-7 · DOI
  11. Harvey, 2019, Low-carbohydrate diets differing in carbohydrate restriction improve cardiometabolic and anthropometric markers in healthy adults: a randomised clinical trial, PeerJ., 7, 10.7717/peerj.6273 · DOI
  12. Azadbakht, 2013, Effect of a high protein weight loss diet on weight, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and cardiovascular risk among overweight and obese women: a parallel clinical trial, Int. J. Endocrinol. 2013, 10.1155/2013/971724 · DOI
  13. Bales, 2017, Influence of protein intake, race, and age on responses to a weight-reduction intervention in obese women, Curr. Dev. Nutr., 1, 10.3945/cdn.117.000703 · DOI
  14. González-Salazar, 2020, Effect of the intake of dietary protein on insulin resistance in subjects with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial, Eur. J. Nutr.
  15. Griffin, 2013, Higher protein diet for weight management in young overweight women: a 12-month randomized controlled trial, Diabetes Obes. Metabol., 15, 572, 10.1111/dom.12056 · DOI
  16. Jenkins, 2014, Effect of a 6-month vegan low-carbohydrate ('Eco-Atkins') diet on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight in hyperlipidaemic adults: a randomised controlled trial, BMJ Open, 4, 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003505 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Kim, 2017, Short term elevation in dietary protein intake does not worsen insulin resistance or lipids in older adults with metabolic syndrome: a randomized-controlled trial, BMC Nutr., 3, 10.1186/s40795-017-0152-4 · DOI
  18. Mateo-Gallego, 2017, Energy-restricted, high-protein diets more effectively impact cardiometabolic profile in overweight and obese women than lower-protein diets, Clin. Nutr., 36, 371, 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.018 · DOI
  19. Raben, 2020, The PREVIEW intervention study: results from a 3-year randomized 2 x 2 factorial multinational trial investigating the role of protein, glycaemic index and physical activity for prevention of type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Obes. Metabol.
  20. Tang, 2013, Normal vs. high-protein weight loss diets in men: effects on body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome, Obesity, 21, E204, 10.1002/oby.20078 · DOI
  21. Witjaksono, 2018, Comparison of low calorie high protein and low calorie standard protein diet on waist circumference of adults with visceral obesity and weight cycling, BMC Res. Notes, 11, 10.1186/s13104-018-3781-z · DOI
  22. Wycherley, 2012, Comparison of the effects of 52 weeks weight loss with either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese males, Nutr. Diabetes, 2, e40, 10.1038/nutd.2012.11 · DOI
  23. Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, PLoS Med., 6, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Clifton, 2014, Long term weight maintenance after advice to consume low carbohydrate, higher protein diets--a systematic review and meta analysis, Nutr. Metabol. Cardiovasc. Dis., 24, 224, 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.11.006 · DOI
  25. Jenkins, 2001, High-protein diets in hyperlipidemia: effect of wheat gluten on serum lipids, uric acid, and renal function, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74, 57, 10.1093/ajcn/74.1.57 · DOI
  26. Tura, 2010, Insulin sensitivity and secretion in young, healthy subjects are not changed by Zone and Mediterranean diets, Mediterr. J. Nutr. Metabol., 3, 233, 10.3233/s12349-010-0026-7 · DOI
  27. DerSimonian, 1986, Meta-analysis in clinical trials, Contr. Clin. Trials, 7, 177, 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Higgins, 2003, Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses, BMJ, 327, 557, 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Egger, 1997, Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test, BMJ, 315, 629, 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Duval, 2000, Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis, Biometrics, 56, 455, 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x · DOI · Paper page
  31. Keogh, 2007, Effects of weight loss on a low-carbohydrate diet on flow-mediated dilatation, adhesion molecules and adiponectin, Br. J. Nutr., 98, 852, 10.1017/S0007114507747815 · DOI
  32. Altorf-van der Kuil, 2010, Dietary protein and blood pressure: a systematic review, PloS One, 5, 10.1371/journal.pone.0012102 · DOI
  33. Krieger, 2006, Effects of variation in protein and carbohydrate intake on body mass and composition during energy restriction: a meta-regression 1, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83, 260, 10.1093/ajcn/83.2.260 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Kim, 2016, Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutr. Rev., 74, 210, 10.1093/nutrit/nuv065 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Drummen, 2018, Dietary protein and energy balance in relation to obesity and Co-morbidities, Front. Endocrinol., 9, 443, 10.3389/fendo.2018.00443 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Tielemans, 2013, Intake of total protein, plant protein and animal protein in relation to blood pressure: a meta-analysis of observational and intervention studies, J. Hum. Hypertens., 27, 564, 10.1038/jhh.2013.16 · DOI
  37. Fekete Á, 2016, Whey protein lowers blood pressure and improves endothelial function and lipid biomarkers in adults with prehypertension and mild hypertension: results from the chronic Whey2Go randomized controlled trial, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 104, 1534, 10.3945/ajcn.116.137919 · DOI
  38. Martin, 2020, Plasma concentrations and ACE-inhibitory effects of tryptophan-containing peptides from whey protein hydrolysate in healthy volunteers, Eur. J. Nutr., 59, 1135, 10.1007/s00394-019-01974-x · DOI
  39. Xue, 2021, Activity and bioavailability of food protein-derived angiotensin-I-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 10.1111/1541-4337.12711 · DOI
  40. Rietman, 2014, Increasing protein intake modulates lipid metabolism in healthy young men and women consuming a high-fat hypercaloric diet, J. Nutr., 144, 1174, 10.3945/jn.114.191072 · DOI
  41. Melanson, 2003, Weight loss and total lipid profile changes in overweight women consuming beef or chicken as the primary protein source, Nutrition, 19, 409, 10.1016/S0899-9007(02)01080-8 · DOI
  42. Scott, 1994, Effects of beef and chicken consumption on plasma lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic men, Arch. Intern. Med., 154, 1261, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420110109012 · DOI
  43. Davidson, 1999, Comparison of the effects of lean red meat vs lean white meat on serum lipid levels among free-living persons with hypercholesterolemia: a long-term, randomized clinical trial, Arch. Intern. Med., 159, 1331, 10.1001/archinte.159.12.1331 · DOI
  44. Chalvon-Demersay, 2017, A systematic review of the effects of plant compared with animal protein sources on features of metabolic syndrome, J. Nutr., 147, 281, 10.3945/jn.116.239574 · DOI
  45. Raben, 2021, The PREVIEW intervention study: results from a 3-year randomized 2 x 2 factorial multinational trial investigating the role of protein, glycaemic index and physical activity for prevention of type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Obes. Metabol., 23, 324, 10.1111/dom.14219 · DOI
  46. Evangelista, 2021, High-protein vs. standard-protein diets in overweight and obese patients with heart failure and diabetes mellitus: findings of the Pro-HEART trial, ESC Heart Fail, 10.1002/ehf2.13213 · DOI · Paper page
  47. van Baak, 2017, Dietary intake of protein from different sources and weight regain, changes in body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors after weight loss: the DIOGenes study, Nutrients, 9, 10.3390/nu9121326 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Baba, 1999, High protein vs high carbohydrate hypoenergetic diet for the treatment of obese hyperinsulinemic subjects, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 23, 1202, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801064 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Vogtschmidt, Y. D., Raben, A., Faber, I., de Wilde, C., Lovegrove, J. A., Givens, D. I., Pfeiffer, A. F. H., & Soedamah-Muthu, S. S.
Venue
Atherosclerosis
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-07
Volume
328
Pages
124-135
ISSN
0021-9150
DOI
10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.011
Cited by
54
References
17
Language
en
Licence
Funders
  • Mejeribrugets ForskningsFond
  • Nederlandse Zuivel Organisatie

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review