Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Schwingshackl, Lukas; Hoffmann, Georg

doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-48

Cited by 184Diet and metabolism studiesNutritional Studies and DietMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Schwingshackl, Lukas, Hoffmann, Georg·2013·Nutrition Journal

DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-12-48PMC PMC3636027

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Meta-analyses of short-term studies indicate favorable effects of higher protein vs. lower protein diets on health outcomes like adiposity or cardiovascular risk factors, but their long-term effects are unknown. METHODS: Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Trial Register) were searched up to August 2012 with no restriction to language or calendar date. A random effect meta-analysis was performed using the Software package by the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager 5.1. Sensitivity analysis was performed for RCTs with a Jadad Score ≥ 3, and excluding type 2 diabetic subjects (T2D). RESULTS: 15 RCTs met all objectives and were included in the present meta-analysis. No significant differences were observed for weight, waist circumference, fat mass, blood lipids (i.e. total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols), C-reactive protein, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. In contrast, improvements of fasting insulin was significantly more pronounced following high protein diets as compared to the low protein counterparts (weighted mean difference: -0.71 μIU/ml, 95% CI -1.36 to -0.05, p = 0.03). Sensitivity analysis of high quality RCTs confirmed the data of the primary analyses, while exclusion of studies with diabetic subjects resulted in an additional benefit of high-protein diets with respect to a more marked increase in HDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSION: According to the present meta-analysis of long-term RCTs, high-protein diets exerted neither specific beneficial nor detrimental effects on outcome markers of obesity, cardiovascular disease or glycemic control. Thus, it seems premature to recommend high-protein diets in the management of overweight and obesity.

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Open Access
Schwingshackl, L. (2014)
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
(2016)

Authors: Schwingshackl, L., & Hoffmann, G.
Affiliations: University of Vienna (AT)
Corresponding author: Schwingshackl, Lukas
ORCID: Schwingshackl, Lukas
Hoffmann, Georg
Venue: Nutrition Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-04-15
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 48-48
ISSN: 1475-2891 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-48
PMC: PMC3636027
OpenAlex: W2160520777
Cited by: 184
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Nutrition Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Phaidra (Universität Wien) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: high-protein diet, low-fat diet, protein intake, cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic risk factors, fasting insulin, serum lipids, HDL cholesterol, obesity, weight, blood pressure, glycemic control, long-term dietary effects
MeSH terms: Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, Dietary Proteins, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Obesity, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Triglycerides, Biomarkers, Weight Loss, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Databases, Factual, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Metabolic Syndrome, Glycemic Index, Waist Circumference

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Long-term effects of low-fat diets either low or high in protein on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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