Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: The impact of dietary protein on body composition changes after older adults purposefully lose weight requires systematic evaluation OBJECTIVE: : This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of protein intake (< 25% vs ≥ 25% of energy intake or 1.0 g/kg/d) on energy restriction-induced changes in body mass, lean mass, and fat mass in adults older than 50 years. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords "dietary proteins," "body composition," "skeletal muscle," and "muscle strength." STUDY SELECTION: Two researchers independently screened 1542 abstracts. DATA EXTRACTION: Information was extracted from 24 articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: Twenty randomized control trials met the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: Older adults retained more lean mass and lost more fat mass during weight loss when consuming higher protein diets.
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Higher dietary protein during weight loss attenuates total lean mass losses; middle-aged and older adults consuming more than 1.0 g/kg/day retain more lean mass than those on normal protein diets.
“As with exercise, higher levels of dietary protein during weight loss also attenuate total LM losses, with meta-analytic data showing that middle-aged and older adults (i.e. 50+ years) who consume higher levels of dietary protein (>1.0 g/kg/d) during weight loss retain more lean mass in comparison with those following normal protein diets (~21% vs ≥30% of total weight lost as LM) (27).”
From <scp>G</scp> <scp>LP1Ra</scp> ‐based therapies and <scp>DXA</scp> ‐acquired musculoskeletal health outcomes: a focused meta‐analysis of placebo‐controlled trials (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
The Results and Discussion (p. 8) support the main claim: adults aged 50 and older on higher-protein diets retained more lean mass during weight loss than those on normal-protein diets. But the parenthetical misreads the percentages. The Results (p. 8) report that 21% of higher-protein groups, versus 50% of normal-protein groups, lost at least 30% of body mass as lean mass; they do not report average lean-mass losses of about 21% versus at least 30%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLow protein consumption due to reduced appetite may contribute to muscle loss and increased risk for sarcopenia, particularly among those with older age, perimenopausal or menopausal status, lower testosterone, sedentary behavior, or lack of resistance/strength training.
“Low protein consumption due to reduced appetite may also contribute to muscle loss and increased risk for sarcopenia, particularly among those with older age, perimenopausal or menopausal status, lower testosterone, sedentary behavior, or lack of resistance/strength training [67, 68, 69, 70].”
From Nutritional priorities to support <scp>GLP</scp> ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [68]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass during weight loss.
“high protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass during weight loss”
From Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss (2017) · cites this paper as [109]
The Conclusion (p. 13) says adults aged 50 and older better retain lean mass on energy-restricted higher-protein diets than on normal-protein diets. The section on lean mass versus skeletal muscle mass (pp. 9, 12) cautions against equating the two: only one included study directly measured skeletal muscle mass. Thus, the lean-mass claim is supported, but preservation of muscle mass specifically is not established by this review. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe most recent systematic review and meta-analysis supports a very small but significant beneficial effect (400-800 g of lean mass preservation) of high protein intake on fat-free mass during weight-loss therapy.
“The results from the most recent systematic review and meta-analysis (109) support a very small but significant beneficial effect (400-800 g of lean mass preservation) of high protein intake on fat-free mass during weight-loss therapy.”
From Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss (2017) · cites this paper as [109]
The effects section (p. 8) reports significantly greater lean-mass retention with higher-protein diets during energy restriction: 0.45 kg in one analysis and 0.83 kg in another, broadly matching the quoted 400–800 g. The review studied adults aged 50 and older, however, while the citing sentence does not limit its claim to that population. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe lower proportion of lean mass loss in the CCI group, despite higher percentage of weight loss, may be due to the adequate dietary protein recommendations.
“The lower proportion of lean mass loss in the CCI group, despite higher percentage of weight loss, may be due to the adequate dietary protein recommendations (94, 95).”
A meta-analysis of weight loss studies in adults with mean ages of 50 years or older concluded that FFM retention was improved by consumption of higher protein diets (≥25% of energy intake or >1.0 g/kg), although the magnitude of this benefit was modest (0.45-0.83 kg).
“a meta-analysis of weight loss studies conducted in adults with mean ages of 50 years or older concluded that FFM retention was improved by consumption of higher protein diets (≥25% of energy intake or >1.0 g/kg), although the magnitude of this benefit was modest (0.45-0.83 kg) [60].”
From Fundamental Body Composition Principles Provide Context for Fat-Free and Skeletal Muscle Loss With GLP-1 RA Treatments (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
Low protein consumption due to reduced appetite may contribute to muscle loss and increased risk for sarcopenia, particularly among those with older age, perimenopausal or menopausal status, lower testosterone, sedentary behavior, or lack of resistance/strength training.
“Low protein consumption due to reduced appetite may also contribute to muscle loss and increased risk for sarcopenia, particularly among those with older age, perimenopausal or menopausal, lower testosterone, sedentary behavior, or lack of resistance/strength training [[63], [64], [65], [66]].”
Low protein consumption due to reduced appetite may contribute to muscle loss and increased risk for sarcopenia, particularly among those with older age, perimenopausal or menopausal status, lower testosterone, sedentary behavior, or lack of resistance/strength training.
“Low protein consumption due to reduced appetite may also contribute to muscle loss and increased risk for sarcopenia, particularly among those with older age, perimenopausal or menopausal status, lower testosterone, sedentary behavior, or lack of resistance/strength training [[67], [68], [69], [70]].”
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- Authors
- Kim, J. E., O’Connor, L. E., Sands, L. P., Slebodnik, M. B., & Campbell, W. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-02-16
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 210-224
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-4887
- PMC
- PMC4892287
- OpenAlex
- W2282156932
- Semantic Scholar
- 39cd82bf08dff97167985e6d13119d48e1659153
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- dietary protein, older adults, weight loss, body composition, lean body mass, fat mass, caloric restriction, muscle strength, sarcopenia
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Aged, Body Composition, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Weight Loss, Muscle, Skeletal
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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