The effects of post-encoding stress and glucocorticoids on episodic memory in humans and rodents
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It is now well established that acute stress shortly after encoding (i.e., post-encoding stress) can benefit episodic memory. In the current paper, we briefly review the human literature examining the effects of post-encoding stress on episodic memory, and we relate that literature to studies of post-encoding manipulations of cortisol in humans, as well as studies of post-encoding stress and administration of corticosterone on analogous memory tasks in rodents. An examination of the literature reveals several important gaps in our understanding of stress and memory. For example, although the human literature shows that post-encoding stress generally improves memory, these effects are not observed if stress occurs in a different context from learning. Moreover, the rodent literature shows that post-encoding stress generally impairs memory instead of improving it, and these effects depend on whether the animal is habituated to the learning context prior to encoding. Although many aspects of the results support a cellular consolidation account of post-encoding stress, we present possible modifications, such as a network reset, to better account for the data. We also suggest that it is important to incorporate ideas of contextual binding in order to understanding the effects of post-encoding stress and glucocorticoids on memory.
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In humans, enhancing effects of post-encoding stress on memory consolidation were only found when the stressor was administered in the same context as during encoding, and in rats detrimental effects of post-encoding stressors on memory prevailed, arguing against the view that stress as an internal state and independent of its external origin modulates wake consolidation.
“In humans, enhancing effects of post-encoding stress on memory consolidation were only found when the stressor was administered in the same context as during encoding, and in rats detrimental effects of post-encoding stressors on memory prevailed, 282 arguing against the view that stress as an internal state and independent of its external origin modulates wake consolidation.”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [282]
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Peshev, B., Ivanova, P., Krushovlieva, D., Kortenska, L., Atanasova, D., Rashev, P., Lazarov, N., & Tchekalarova, J. D. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25126576 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Distinct cortisol effects on item and associative memory across memory phases
Riegel, M., Rodrigues, D. B., Antypa, D., & Rimmele, U. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107422 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rodrigues, D. B., Antypa, D., & Rimmele, U. (2024) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107916 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peshev, B., Ivanova, P., Krushovlieva, D., Kortenska, L., Atanasova, D., Lazarov, N., & Tchekalarova, A. J. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1150.v1
Ayón-Delgado, P. A., Martínez-Fernández, D. E., & Fernández-Quezada, D. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7010029
Solares, L., Garcés-Arilla, S., Méndez, M., & Méndez-López, M. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01463-9
Pre-sleep acute stress modulates sleep-dependent emotional memory
Hein, E., Halonen, R., Makkonen, T., Stepnicka, P., Streck, A., Wolbers, T., & Pesonen, A. (2026) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2026.108218
- Authors
- Sazma, M. A., Shields, G. S., & Yonelinas, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sazma, Matthew A.
- Venue
- Brain and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 133
- Pages
- 12-23
- ISSN
- 0278-2626 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6559250
- OpenAlex
- W2898442928
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 0.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY025999)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- episodic memory, glucocorticoids, cortisol, corticosterone, memory consolidation, habituation, stress and memory, rodents, human
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Rodentia, Stress, Psychological, Memory, Episodic
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