Association between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and plasma interleukin-6 in major depressive disorder with melancholic features
Abstract
Inflammatory processes as well as attenuation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) availability are involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Although it is generally presumed that these two systems interact negatively in the brain, preclinical and human in vitro studies have shown synergistic rather than antagonistic interactions in the periphery. We therefore examined the association between serum levels of BDNF and plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in patients with MDD (n=1070) and non-depressed controls (n=379) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. We used multiple regression analyses with serum BDNF as the dependent variable and we specifically tested the presence of BDNF-cytokine associations in DSM-IV-assigned melancholic MDD patients, identified by the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. After adjustment for sociodemographics, sampling variability, lifestyle indicators, somatic diseases and medication use, BDNF levels were predicted by the interaction between MDD diagnosis and IL-6 (p-interaction=.006). Stratified analyses showed that BDNF levels are indeed positively associated with IL-6 levels in MDD patients (β=.07, p=.02), but not in non-depressed controls (β=-.07, p=.23). When further stratified for melancholic and non-melancholic MDD (p-interaction=.005), IL-6 emerged as a robust positive predictor of BDNF only in the melancholic sample (β=.21, p=.01), wherein serum BDNF levels were accordingly enhanced. Post-hoc exploratory analyses verified an accentuated positive association of BDNF levels with leucocyte counts in melancholia. No significant associations emerged between BDNF and TNF-α. Overall, our cross-sectional approach may have disclosed an allostatic, BDNF-inducing component of peripheral immunity and/or an immunotrophic function of peripheral BDNF. Both scenarios may warrant further exploration, as they could inform new research concepts towards immune-based antidepressive treatment strategies.
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Patas and colleagues have shown an association between both serum BDNF and plasma IL-6 levels with a depressive episode associated with melancholic trait.
“Patas and colleagues have shown an association between both serum BDNF and plasma IL-6 levels with a depressive episode associated with melancholic trait [97]”
From Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [97]
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- Authors
- Patas, K., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Bus, B. A. A., Vogelzangs, N., Molendijk, M. L., Elzinga, B. M., Bosker, F. J., & Oude Voshaar, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 71-79
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055458037
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-6, TNF-α, major depressive disorder, endogenous depression, neuroinflammation, cytokines, peripheral immunity, white blood cell count
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
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