Rat 22kHz ultrasonic vocalizations as alarm cries
Abstract
Rats incorporate circa 22kHz ultrasonic alarm cries into their defense pattern in response to a predator threat. These calls are dependent on conspecific presence, show gender differences, and tend to be emitted from a place of relative safety. Rats emit sonic defensive threat vocalizations when approached by a potential threat. These are emitted regardless of conspecific presence, and increase as a function of threat proximity, eventually culminating in defensive attack at close distances. Ample data from field studies suggest a similar division of vocalizations into alarm or warning cries, and defensive threat vocalizations, although both are often subsumed under the rubric of "alarm cries". A clear distinction between these types of calls is necessary for proper analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the development and maintenance of each of them. Furthermore, the integration of data from field studies and laboratory experiments may prove useful in evaluation of the relationship between each type of cry and emotional (fear or anxiety-like) states in mammals.
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Alarm calls in rats are mostly used when predator-prey distance is large or a rat is close to cover or shelter.
“Alarm calls are mostly used when a predator-prey distance is large or a rat is close to a cover or shelter.164”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [164]
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- Authors
- Litvin, Y., Blanchard, D. C., & Blanchard, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Litvin, Yoav
- Venue
- Behavioural Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 182
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 166-172
- ISSN
- 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969247680
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- predator threat, alarm calls, conspecific presence, sex differences, fear
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Emotions, Social Behavior, Ultrasonics, Vocalization, Animal, Rats
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