Thyroid axis function and dysfunction in critical illness

Mebis, Liese; Van den Berghe, Greet

doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.03.002

Cited by 99Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsAdrenal Hormones and DisordersHormonal and reproductive studies

Thyroid axis function and dysfunction in critical illness

Mebis, Liese, Van den Berghe, Greet·2011·Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1016/j.beem.2011.03.002

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Abstract

Acutely ill patients typically present with low circulating T3 and increased reverse T3. When illness is severe and prolonged, also pulsatile TSH secretion and circulating T4 levels are low. This constellation of changes within the thyroid axis is referred to as the low T3 syndrome or non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTI), and comprises both peripheral and central alterations in the thyroid axis. Acute alterations are dominated by changes in thyroid hormone binding, in thyroid hormone uptake by the cell and in the activity of the type-1 and type-3 deiodinase enzymes. Prolonged critical illness is associated with a neuroendocrine dysfunction characterized by suppressed hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) expression, resulting in reduced stimulation of the thyrotropes whereby thyroidal hormone release is impaired. During prolonged critical illness, several tissue responses could be interpreted as compensatory to low thyroid hormone availability, such as increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters, upregulation of type 2 deiodinase activity and increased sensitivity at the receptor level. Whether the low T3 syndrome should be treated and which compound should be used remains to be further studied.

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A variety of changes in TH transporters, deiodinase and TR action have been observed in different organs and tissues both during acute and chronic illness, while serum TH levels are uniformly downregulated.
“A variety of changes in TH transporters, deiodinase and TR action have been observed in different organs and tissues both during acute and chronic illness, while serum TH levels are uniformly downregulated [3, 11].”
From An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome (2021) · cites this paper as [11]

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Tissue Deiodinase Activity during Prolonged Critical Illness: Effects of Exogenous Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Combination with Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2
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Self-citation
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activation in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) is independent of the LPS-induced fall in serum thyroid hormone levels
Fekete, C., Sarkar, S., Christoffolete, M. A., Emerson, C. H., Bianco, A. C., & Lechan, R. M. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.021 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
SERUM LEVELS OF TSH, T3, rT3, T4 AND T3-RESIN UPTAKE IN SURGICAL TRAUMA
Adami, H., Johansson, H., Thorén, L., WIDE, L. E., & Åkerström, G. (1978) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.0880482 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Predictive value of thyroid hormones on the first day in adult respiratory distress syndrome patients admitted to ICU: comparison with SOFA and APACHE II scores
Türe, M., Memiş, D., Ömürlü, İ. K., & Pamukçu, Z. (2005) · Annals of Saudi Medicine · doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2005.466 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Regulation of Tissue Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activity in a Model of Prolonged Critical Illness
Debaveye, Y., Ellger, B., Mebis, L., Darras, V. M., & Van den Berghe, G. (2008) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2007.0287 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pituitary functions in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury: are they related to severity of the injury or mortality?
Tanriverdi, F., Ulutabanca, H., Unluhizarci, K., Selcuklu, A., Casanueva, F. F., & Kelestimur, F. (2007) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050701311083 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Importance of Thyroglobulin Structure in Thyroid Peroxidase-Catalyzed Conversion of Diiodotyrosine to Thyroxine1
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in critical illness
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Thyroid Hormone Therapy is Not Indicated in the Majority of Patients with the Sick Euthyroid Syndrome
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Selective consumption of thyroxine-binding blobulin during cardiac bypass surgery
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Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoform Expression in Livers of Critically Ill Patients
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Impaired thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine handling by rat hepatocytes in the presence of serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness.
Vos, R. A., De Jong, M., Bernard, B. F., Docter, R., Krenning, E. P., & Hennemann, G. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.8.7629231 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Measurement of Thyroxine Uptake from Serum by Cultured Human Hepatocytes as an Index of Thyroid Status: Reduced Thyroxine Uptake from Serum of Patients with Nonthyf oidal Illness*
SARNE, D. H., & REFETOFF, S. (1985) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-61-6-1046 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Differential effects of leptin and refeeding on the fasting-induced decrease of pituitary type 2 deiodinase and thyroid hormone receptor β2 mRNA expression in mice
Boelen, A., Kwakkel, J., Vos, X. G., Wiersinga, W. M., & Fliers, E. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.1.06872 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Concordant decreases of thyroxine and thyroxine binding protein concentrations during sepsis
Afandi, B. O., Vera, R., Schussler, G. C., & Yap, M. G. (2000) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2000.6239 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF THYROTROPIN ON THE RELEASE OF HORMONE FROM THE HUMAN THYROID*†
GOLDSMITH, R. E., Stanbury, J. B., & Brownell, G. L. (1951) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-11-10-1079 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
l-thyroxine directly affects expression of thyroid hormone-sensitive genes: regulatory effect of RXRβ
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Thyroid hormone receptors are down-regulated in skeletal muscle of patients with non-thyroidal illness syndrome secondary to non-septic shock
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Lacking thyroid hormone receptor β gene does not influence alterations in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism during acute illness
Kwakkel, J., Chassande, O., van Beeren, H. C., Wiersinga, W. M., & Boelen, A. (2008) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-07-0601 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Active and inactive thyroid hormone levels in elective and acute surgery.
Hagenfeldt, I., Melander, A., Thorell, J. I., Tibblin, S., & Westgren, U. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Thyroidal Thyronine and Non-Thyronine Iodine Secretion in Euthyroid Subjects
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Central Mechanisms for Thyroid Hormone Regulation
Lechan, R. M., & Fekete, C. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1492 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Central Mechanisms for Thyroid Hormone Regulation
Lechan, R. M. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1492 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

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Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a complete understanding of NTIS will not be possible without further studies of the effects of illness-related cytokine fluxes on TH binding, transport, and tissue activation, particularly in the settings of both acute inflammation and chronic severe illness (28,628).”
An update on non-thyroidal illness syndrome
Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2021) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01482-4 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Laboratory Testing in Thyroid Conditions - Pitfalls and Clinical Utility
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MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Beyond the fixed setpoint of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis
Fliers, E., Kalsbeek, A., & Boelen, A. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0285 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
New insights toward the acute non-thyroidal illness syndrome
Wajner, S. M., & Maia, A. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2012.00008 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Endocrine Responses to Critical Illness: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Implications
Boonen, E., & Van den Berghe, G. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-4115 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Abnormalities of thyroid hormone metabolism during systemic illness: the low T3 syndrome in different clinical settings
Moura Neto, A., & Zantut-Wittmann, D. E. (2016) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2016/2157583 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Impact of Early Nutrient Restriction During Critical Illness on the Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome and Its Relation With Outcome: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study
Langouche, L., Vander Perre, S., Marques, M., Boelen, A., Wouters, P. J., Casaer, M. P., & Van den Berghe, G. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2809 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Hormones and Muscle Atrophy.
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The renin–angiotensin system in thyroid disorders and its role in cardiovascular and renal manifestations
Vargas, F., Rodríguez‐Gómez, I., Vargas-Tendero, P., Jiménez, E. G., & Montiel, M. (2011) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-11-0349 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A case of masked toxic adenoma in a patient with non-thyroidal illness
Cho, E. A., Yoon, J. H., Kim, H. K., & Kang, H.-C. (2014) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-14-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
How Does Physical Activity Modulate Hormone Responses?
Mennitti, C., Farina, G., Imperatore, A., Fonzo, G. D., Gentile, A., Civita, E. L., Carbone, G., Simone, R. R. D., Iorio, M. R. D., Tinto, N., et al. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14111418 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
How to interpret thyroid function tests
Levy, M. J., Koulouri, O., & Gurnell, M. (2013) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-3-282 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Role of timing and dose of energy received in patients with acute lung injury on mortality in the Intensive Nutrition in Acute Lung Injury Trial (INTACT): a post hoc analysis ,
Braunschweig, C. L., Freels, S. A., Sheean, P., Peterson, S. J., Gomez‐Perez, S. L., McKeever, L., Lateef, O., Gurka, D. P., & Fantuzzi, G. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.140764 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Comparison and relationship of thyroid hormones, IL-6, IL-10 and albumin as mortality predictors in case-mix critically ill patients
Álvaro Quispe, E., Li, X., & Yi, H. L. (2016) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.03.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Regulatory aspects of the human hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis
Roelfsema, F., Boelen, A., Kalsbeek, A., & Fliers, E. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2017.09.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Emerging role of thyroid hormone metabolites
Gnocchi, D., Steffensen, K. R., Bruscalupi, G., & Parini, P. (2016) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.12648 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Impact of thyroid function on cystatin C in detecting acute kidney injury: a prospective, observational study
Zhang, D., Gao, L., Ye, H., Chi, R., Wang, L., Hu, L., Ouyang, X., Hou, Y., Deng, Y., Long, Y., et al. (2019) · BMC Nephrology · doi:10.1186/s12882-019-1201-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Thyroid stimulating hormone levels rise after assisted reproductive technology
Reinblatt, S. L., Herrero, B., Correa, J. A., Shalom‐Paz, E., Ata, B., Wiser, A., Morris, D., & Holzer, H. E. G. (2013) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-013-0081-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormones as Predictors of Short- and Long-term Mortality in Very Old Hospitalized Patients
Alfieri, W. D., Nisticò, F., Borgogni, T., Riello, F., Cellai, F., Mori, C., Nante, N., & Bari, M. D. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt012 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
High ambient temperature alleviates the inflammatory response and growth depression in pigs challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide
Campos, P. H. R. F., Merlot, É., Damon, M., Noblet, J., & Floc'H, N. L. (2014) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Relationship between disease severity and thyroid function in Chinese patients with euthyroid sick syndrome
Wang, Y., Heng, J., Yan, J., & Dong, L. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000011756 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Low triiodothyronine syndrome is associated with hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischaemic stroke
Huang, G., Zeng, Y., Cheng, Q., Cheng, H.-R., Ruan, Y., Yuan, C., Chen, Y., He, W., Chen, H., & He, J. (2019) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102195 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone alterations in critically and non-critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Vassiliadi, D. A., Ilias, Ι., Pratikaki, M. E., Jahaj, E., Vassiliou, A. G., Detsika, M. G., Ampelakiotou, K., Koulenti, M., Manolopoulos, K. N., Tsipilis, S., et al. (2021) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-21-0029 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Association between thyroid dysfunction and venous thromboembolism in the elderly: a prospective cohort study
Segna, D., Méan, M., Limacher, A., Baumgartner, C., Blum, M. R., Beer, J. H., Kucher, N., Righini, M., Matter, C. M., Frauchiger, B., et al. (2016) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/jth.13276 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gene signature and immune cell profiling by high-dimensional, single-cell analysis in COVID-19 patients, presenting Low T3 syndrome and coexistent hematological malignancies
Sciacchitano, S., de Vitis, C., D, Ascanio, M., Giovagnoli, S., de Dominicis, C., Laghi, A., Anibaldi, P., Petrucca, A., Salerno, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02805-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Thyroid function status and its impact on clinical outcome in patients admitted to critical care
Qari, F. A. (2015) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.314.7497 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Somatotropic and thyroid hormones in the acute phase of subarachnoid haemorrhage
Zetterling, M., Engström, B. E., Arnardóttir, S., & Ronne-Engström, E. (2013) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-013-1670-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Circulating 3-T1AM and 3,5-T2 in critically ill patients: a cross-sectional observational study
Langouche, L., Lehmphul, I., Perre, S. V., Köhrle, J., & Van den Berghe, G. (2016) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0214 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome
DeGroot, L. J. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00089-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Serum triiodothyronine‐to‐thyroxine (T3/T4) ratio predicts therapeutic outcome to biological therapies in elderly IBD patients
Bertani, L., Tricò, D., Pugliese, D., Privitera, G., Linsalata, G., Zanzi, F., Mumolo, M. G., Barberio, B., Monzani, F., Marchi, S., et al. (2020) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.16167 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones during critical illness
Langouche, L., & den Berghe, G. V. (2014) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59602-4.00008-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Novel insights in endocrine and metabolic pathways in sepsis and gaps for future research
Téblick, A., Gunst, J., Langouche, L., & den Berghe, G. V. (2022) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20211003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Thyroid Characteristics and Correlated Factors in Hospitalized Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
Li, Y., Yi, M., Deng, X., Li, W., Chen, Y., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s355727 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
High TSH and low T4 as prognostic markers in older patients
Mingote, E., Meroño, T., Rujelman, R., Marquez, A., Fossati, P., Gurfinkiel, M., Schnitman, M., Brites, F. D., Faingold, C., & Brenta, G. (2012) · HORMONES · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1364 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Distinct Features of Nonthyroidal Illness in Critically Ill Patients With Infectious Diseases
Lee, W. K., Hwang, S., Kim, D., Lee, S. G., Jeong, S., Seol, M.-Y., Kim, H., Ku, C. R., Shin, D. Y., Chung, W. Y., et al. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003346 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Association of Reduced Free T3 to Free T4 Ratio with Lower Serum Creatinine in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients
Inaba, M., Mori, K., Tsujimoto, Y., Yamada, S., Yamazaki, Y., Emoto, M., & Shoji, T. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124537 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Different Hypothalamic Mechanisms Control Decreased Circulating Thyroid Hormone Levels in Infection and Fasting-Induced Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome in Male Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mice
Sinkó, R., Mohácsik, P., Kővári, D., Penksza, V., Wittmann, G., Mácsai, L., Fonseca, T. L., Bianco, A. C., Fekete, C., & Gereben, B. (2022) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0404 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Activation of pituitary axis according to underlying critical illness and its effect on outcome
Mazzeo, A. T., Guaraldi, F., Filippini, C., Tesio, R., Settanni, F., Lucchiari, M., Mengozzi, G., Grottoli, S., Ghigo, E., & Mascia, L. (2019) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.07.006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Thyroid Hormone Alterations in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis (AAV)
Wendt, M., Börjesson, O., Avik, A., Bratt, J., Anderstam, B., Qureshi, A. R., Miller, E. J., Gunnarsson, I., & Bruchfeld, A. N. (2013) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/molmed.2012.00352 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nonthyroidal illness in critically ill children
Jacobs, A., Vanhorebeek, I., & den Berghe, G. V. (2019) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000494 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The ten “diseases” that are not true diseases
Depuydt, P. O., Kress, J. P., & Salluh, J. I. (2015) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3945-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Laboratory Testing in Thyroid Disorders
Grebe, S. K. G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72102-6_10 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Thyroid function in respiratory failure patients
Nafae, R. M., Mohammed, M. A., Morsi, A. F., & Ibrahim, D. (2014) · Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.12.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effects of forced swimming stress on thyroid function, pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone and hypothalamus thyrotropin releasing hormone expression in adrenalectomy Wistar rats
Sun, Q., Liu, A., Ma, Y., Wang, A., Guo, X., Teng, W., & Jiang, Y. (2016) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3790 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Circulating thyroid hormones and clinical parameters of heart failure in men
Turić, I., Velat, I., Bušić, Ž., & Čulić, V. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47391-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Endocrinopathy of the Critically Ill
Aerde, N. V., Dyck, L. V., Vanhorebeek, I., & den Berghe, G. V. (2019) · Lessons from the ICU · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24250-3_9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thyroid function and stress hormones in children with stress hyperglycemia
Bordbar, M., Taj-aldini, R., Karamizadeh, Z., Haghpanah, S., Karimi, M., & Omrani, G. R. (2012) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9707-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Thyroid Profile in the First Three Months after Starting Treatment in Children with Newly Diagnosed Cancer
Lebbink, C. A., van den Bos, C., Dierselhuis, M. P., Fiocco, M. F., Stuart, A. A. V., Lentjes, E. G. W. M., Plasschaert, S. L. A., Tissing, W. J. E., & van Santen, H. M. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15051500 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Prognostic role of euthyroid sick syndrome in MIS-C: results from a single-center observational study
Fastiggi, M., Meneghel, A., Doblas, J. G. D. R., Vittadello, F., Tirelli, F., Zulian, F., & Martini, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1217151 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The prevalence, hospitalization outcomes and risk factors of euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with diabetic ketosis/ketoacidosis
Deng, X., Yi, M., Li, W., Ye, H., Chen, Z.-S., & Zhang, X. (2023) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-023-01451-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thyroid Function in Critical Illness
Economidou, F. N., Douka, E., Tzanela, M., Orfanos, S. E., & Kotanidou, A. N. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7836-2_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pre-workout Induced Demand Ischemia
Guerra, M. A. R., Neme, A. P. U., Shaban, M., Noboa, C. M., & Trinh, T. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.33694 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Review of Literature on Thyroid Hormone Disorders Originated from Extra Thyroidal Illness
Mansourian, A. R. (2013) · Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/jbs.2014.20.37 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thyroid Function Tests in Critically Ill Children; Any Correlation with Disease Severity or Outcome?
Sayarifard, F., Yaghmaie, B., Sayarifard, A., Mohammadpour, M., Sharifzadeh, M., Abbasi, F., Haghi-Ashtiani, M. T., & Kouhnavard, M. (2018) · Iranian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.5812/ijp.69397 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Possible Contributions of Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormones to the Vasculopathic Complex of COVID-19 Infection
Davis, P. J., Lin, H., Hercbergs, A. H., Keating, K. A., & Mousa, S. A. (2021) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2021.1972307 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Increased Thyroxin During Therapeutic Hypothermia Predicts Death in Comatose Patients After Cardiac Arrest
van der Jagt, M., Knoops, S., de Jong, M. F. C., de Jong, M. J., Peeters, R. P., & Groeneveld, A. B. J. (2015) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-014-0091-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Two-step thyroid screening strategy in the critical patient
Morell‐García, D., Bauçà, J. M., Elorza, M. Á., & Barceló, A. (2016) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Enfermedad no tiroidea
Rosenfarb, J., Faingold, M. C., & Brenta, G. (2017) · Revista Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo · doi:10.1016/j.raem.2017.03.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Endocrine System in Acute Kidney Injury
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Authors: Mebis, L., & Van den Berghe, G.
Affiliations: KU Leuven (BE)
ORCID: Mebis, Liese
Venue: Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-10
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 745-757
ISSN: 1521-690X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.03.002
OpenAlex: W2151252758
Cited by: 99
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 6.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Fund for Scientific Research (FWO), Flanders, Belgium (G.0578.09)
Flemish government
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords: hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, critical illness, low T3 syndrome, reverse T3, thyroid hormone binding, type 2 deiodinase, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thyroid hormone uptake, monocarboxylate transporters, thyroid hormone replacement
MeSH terms: Animals, Critical Care, Humans, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormones, Critical Illness

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Thyroid axis function and dysfunction in critical illness

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