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The human and animal baby schema effect: correlates of individual differences.
Abstract
We investigated the animal and human baby schema effect (BSE) in relation to gender, parental status, and individual features. In three, independent online surveys, conducted during three consecutive years, (Ntotal=1389), ratings of photographs of human and animal infants as well as of adults, sociodemographic variables (age, gender, parental status) and personality attributes (empathy, attachment, interpersonal closeness, narcissism, and need to belong) were assessed. We demonstrated that humans are sensitive to the baby schemata of both humans and animals and that both are weakly positively correlated. BSE is positively associated with female gender and (affective) empathy. Higher interpersonal closeness and need to belong were additionally connected specifically to the human BSE. In contrast, narcissism and insecure attachment were not related to the BSE, suggesting a robustness of this phenomenon to possible negative influences of these two personality attributes.
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“Research highlights main obstacles both in the bottom-up pathway among narcissists, but the cognitive parts of empathy seem damaged as well (3, 17, 18).”
From The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
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“Accordingly, NPs show a high degree of vulnerability to suffering, comparable to that of functional psychopaths (18).”
From The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lehmann, V., Huis in‘t Veld, E. M. J., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M.
- Affiliations
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Vingerhoets, Ad J.J.M.
- Venue
- Behavioural Processes
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 94
- Pages
- 99-108
- ISSN
- 0376-6357 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2021066063
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 6.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Behavioural Processes (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
- Keywords
- infants, individual differences, empathy, attachment, need to belong, narcissism, relationship closeness, gender differences, parental status
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Animals, Cues, Empathy, Female, Humans, Individuality, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Factors, Linear Models
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