Ultra-brief breath counting (mindfulness) training promotes recovery from stress-induced alcohol-seeking in student drinkers
Open accessAbstract
The therapeutic effect of mindfulness interventions on problematic drinking is thought to be driven by increased resilience to the impact of stress on negative mood and alcohol-seeking behaviour, but this claim needs empirical support. To address this hypothesis, the current study tested whether brief training of one component of mindfulness - breath counting - would reduce drinkers' sensitivity to the effect of noise stress on subjective mood and alcohol-seeking behaviour. Baseline alcohol-seeking was measured by choice to view alcohol versus food thumbnail pictures in 192 student drinkers. Participants then received a 6-minute audio file which either trained breath counting or recited a popular science extract, in separate groups. All participants were then stressed by a loud industrial noise and alcohol-seeking was measured again simultaneously to quantify the change from baseline. Subjective mood was measured after all three stages (baseline, post intervention, post stress test). The breath counting group were instructed to deploy this technique during the stress test. Results showed that the breath counting versus control intervention improved subjective mood relative to baseline, attenuated the worsening of subjective mood produced by stress induction, and accelerated recovery from a stress induced increase in alcohol-seeking behaviour. Exploratory moderation analysis showed that this accelerated recovery from stress induced alcohol-seeking by breath counting was weaker in more alcohol dependent participants. Mindfulness therapies may improve problematic drinking by increasing resilience to stress induced negative mood and alcohol-seeking, as observed in this study. The weaker therapeutic effect of breath counting in more dependent drinkers may reveal limitations to this intervention strategy.
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Breathing training includes different styles, such as mindful breathing, tempo breathing, and counting breath cycles.
“Breathing training includes different styles, such as mindful breathing (Fjorback et al., 2011), tempo breathing (Lukic et al., 2022), and counting breath cycles (Shuai et al., 2020).”
From Frontal Electroencephalography Asymmetry and Desynchronized Functional Connectivity Associated with Long-Term and Short-Term Breathing Training (2026) · cites this paper as Shuai et al., 2020
Breath counting requires practitioners to count their breath cycles.
“Finally, breath counting requires practitioners to count their breath cycles (Shuai et al., 2020).”
From Frontal Electroencephalography Asymmetry and Desynchronized Functional Connectivity Associated with Long-Term and Short-Term Breathing Training (2026) · cites this paper as Shuai et al., 2020
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“However, several mindfulness training studies have failed to demonstrate attenuation of emotional reactivity (Evans et al., 2014; Luberto & McLeish, 2018; Paz et al., 2017; Vernig & Orsillo, 2009).”
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- Bravo, A. J., Prince, M. A., O’Donnell, M. B., Pearson, M. R., & Henson, M. M. (submitted for publication). Buffering the associations between negative mood states and subjective alcohol craving: A brief mindfulness induction. Addictive Behaviors.
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- Authors
- Shuai, R., Bakou, A. E., Hardy, L., & Hogarth, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hogarth, Lee
- Venue
- Addictive Behaviors
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 102
- Pages
- 106141
- ISSN
- 0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6959458
- OpenAlex
- W2980859282
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Alcohol Change UK
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- mindfulness, stress, problematic drinking, subjective mood, noise stress, alcoholism, resilience, brief intervention, alcohol cue reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Alcohol Drinking, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Noise, Surveys and Questionnaires, Respiration, Students, Resilience, Psychological, Drug-Seeking Behavior, Mindfulness
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