Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cancer–A Review of the Current Clinical Status
Open accessAbstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an anti-tumor treatment method for a long time and photosensitizers (PS) can be used in various types of tumors. Originally, light is an effective tool that has been used in the treatment of diseases for ages. The effects of combination of specific dyes with light illumination was demonstrated at the beginning of 20th century and novel PDT approaches have been developed ever since. Main strategies of current studies are to reduce off-target effects and improve pharmacokinetic properties. Given the high interest and vast literature about the topic, approval of PDT as the first drug/device combination by the FDA should come as no surprise. PDT consists of two stages of treatment, combining light energy with a PS in order to destruct tumor cells after activation by light. In general, PDT has fewer side effects and toxicity than chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In addition to the purpose of treatment, several types of PSs can be used for diagnostic purposes for tumors. Such approaches are called photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). In this Review, we provide a general overview of the clinical applications of PDT in cancer, including the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Assessment of PDT therapeutic efficacy in the clinic will be discussed, since identifying predictors to determine the response to treatment is crucial. In addition, examples of PDT in various types of tumors will be discussed. Furthermore, combination of PDT with other therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy will be emphasized, since such approaches seem to be promising in terms of enhancing effectiveness against tumor. The combination of PDT with other treatments may yield better results than by single treatments. Moreover, the utilization of lower doses in a combination therapy setting may cause less side effects and better results than single therapy. A better understanding of the effectiveness of PDT in a combination setting in the clinic as well as the optimization of such complex multimodal treatments may expand the clinical applications of PDT.
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Damaging properties of singlet oxygen can be used in PDT for cancer treatment, in which singlet oxygen is formed by light-induced excitation of a photosensitizer.
“The damaging properties of singlet oxygen can be effectively used in photo-dynamic therapy (PDT), used for example in cancer treatment, in which singlet oxygen is formed by the light-induced excitation of a suitable photosensitizer (Gunaydin et al. 2021).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Gunaydin et al. 2021
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Quazi, M. Z., Park, J., & Park, N. (2023) · Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment · doi:10.1177/15330338231170939 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
In vivo biodistribution of kinetically stable Pt 2 L 4 nanospheres that show anti-cancer activity
Bobylev, E. O., Knol, R. A., Mathew, S., Poole, D. A., Kotsogianni, I., Martin, N. I., de Bruin, B., Kros, A., & Reek, J. N. H. (2023) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d3sc01086d · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gunaydin, G., Gedik, M. E., & Ayan, S.
- Affiliations
- Hacettepe University Hospital (TR)
- Bilkent University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- Ayan, Seylan
- Venue
- Frontiers in Chemistry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-08-02
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 686303-686303
- ISSN
- 2296-2646 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8365093
- OpenAlex
- W3189011149
- Cited by
- 402
- References
- 302
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 12
- FWCI
- 11.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Keywords
- photodynamic therapy, photodynamic diagnosis, photosensitizers, cancer therapy, combination therapy, multimodal cancer therapy, predictors of treatment response, off-target effects, photosensitizer pharmacokinetics
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