Nature experience reduces rumination and subgenual prefrontal cortex activation
Open accessAbstract
Significance: More than 50% of people now live in urban areas. By 2050 this proportion will be 70%. Urbanization is associated with increased levels of mental illness, but it’s not yet clear why. Through a controlled experiment, we investigated whether nature experience would influence rumination (repetitive thought focused on negative aspects of the self), a known risk factor for mental illness. Participants who went on a 90-min walk through a natural environment reported lower levels of rumination and showed reduced neural activity in an area of the brain linked to risk for mental illness compared with those who walked through an urban environment. These results suggest that accessible natural areas may be vital for mental health in our rapidly urbanizing world.
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The fact that both the forest and roadside walks started from the same location and that the roadside walk took place on a suburban roadside may explain why the differences between the psychological outcomes for roadside and forest walk were attenuated as compared to other studies.
“The fact that both the forest and roadside walks started from the same location, the parking lot of the Forest Preserve, and the fact that the roadside walk took place on a suburban roadside, may also explain why the differences between the psychological outcomes for roadside and forest walk were attenuated as compared to other studies [46,47,48,59].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost evidence of the interaction between exercise and exposure to nature comes from acute observations of single sessions of activity.
“Although the health benefits of exercise and exposure to nature are well established, most evidence of their interaction comes from acute observations of single sessions of activity.”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The Methods describe a single 90-minute nature or urban walk, with outcomes measured before and after it, so this paper is an example of acute, single-session evidence. The Discussion calls the experience relatively brief and says more research is needed on duration and frequency. Neither passage establishes that most evidence on the interaction between exercise and nature exposure comes from single sessions. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBratman et al. found that a 90 min walk in a forest led to reductions in rumination and decreases in neural activity in brain regions associated with rumination.
“Bratman et al. similarly found that a 90 min walk in a forest led to reductions in rumination (i.e., the process of continuously thinking the same thoughts repeatedly, which is generally associated with anxiety and depression) and decreases in neural activity in brain regions associated with rumination [47].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The Discussion reports that a 90-minute nature walk reduced self-reported rumination and activity in the subgenual prefrontal cortex, a region associated with rumination. But the study describes the walking site as grassland with scattered oak trees and shrubs near Stanford, not a forest; that setting is more specific than the source supports. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe studies of Berman et al., Bratman et al., and Park et al. compared forested to urban areas with limited or no exposure to greenspace, which may have provided a greater contrast of environments than the present study's locations.
“The studies of Berman et al., [46] Bratman et al., [47] and Park et al. [48] compared forested to urban areas with limited or no exposure to greenspace, which may have provided a greater contrast of environments than our locations.”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The Methods describe a clear contrast between a nature walk and a busy urban street: 10% versus 76% impervious surface within 50 m of the paths. But the nature site was open grassland with scattered oaks, not a forest, and the urban route had scattered trees. The paper cannot establish whether this contrast was greater than that between the citing study's locations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe authors suggest tentative psychological mechanisms to explain how the restorative qualities of green spaces might lead to increased mindfulness and interrupted rumination.
“We suggest tentative psychological mechanisms to explain how the restorative qualities of green spaces might lead to increased mindfulness and interrupted rumination (Bratman et al., 2015).”
From Exploring the role of exposure to green and blue spaces in preventing anxiety and depression among young people aged 14–24 years living in urban settings: A systematic review and conceptual framework (2022) · cites this paper as Bratman et al., 2015
The Discussion (page not supplied) proposes that restorative natural environments may provide positive distraction that decreases rumination, and reports reduced rumination after a nature walk. It does not address increased mindfulness; the citing authors present the tentative mechanisms as their own suggestion. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Children in high-income countries are now experiencing significantly lower levels of contact with nature than previous generations.
“Children in high-income countries are now experiencing significantly lower levels of contact with nature, or GT, than previous generations [35, 36].”
From Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
The paper’s introductory passages say that urbanization corresponds to decreased nature experience and that a larger share of humanity is removed from nature than ever before (page unavailable). They do not establish the claim specifically for children in high-income countries or quantify a significant difference from previous generations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe walks taken on days 8 and 22 are the first walks that each participant took in each location and thereby provided the most direct comparison to prior studies.
“The walks taken on days 8 and 22 are the first walks that each participant took in each location and thereby provided the most direct comparison to prior studies [46,47,48].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The protocol for Walking Green imposes a significant participant burden as compared to prior studies in three ways: multiple psychological and physiological outcomes assessed before and after each walk, a 29-day study requiring nine laboratory visits, and up to 3.5 hours per day engaged in the study.
“The protocol for Walking Green imposes a significant participant burden as compared to prior studies in three ways [46,47,48]. First multiple psychological and physiological outcomes were assessed before and after each walk. Second, the entire study lasted 29 days and required nine visits to the laboratory. Finally, participants spent as much as 3.5 hours per day engaged in the study.”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
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- Authors
- Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., Hahn, K. S., Daily, G. C., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (SE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-06-29
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 28
- Pages
- 8567-8572
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4507237
- OpenAlex
- W2120527047
- Cited by
- 932
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 118 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 33.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Winslow Foundation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Keywords
- nature experience, rumination, subgenual prefrontal cortex, depression, urbanization, mental illness, nature exposure, urban mental health, psychological well-being
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Thinking, Walking, Prefrontal Cortex
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