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Cited by 390Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health via WritingIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction

Kross, Ethan, Ayduk, Ozlem·2008·Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
DOI 10.1177/0146167208315938
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Abstract

Two studies examined the psychological processes that facilitate adaptive emotional analysis. In Study 1, participants recalled a depression experience and then analyzed their feelings from either a self-immersed (immersed-analysis) or self-distanced (distanced-analysis) perspective. Participants in the distanced-analysis group focused less on recounting their experience and more on reconstruing it, which in turn led to lower levels of depressed affect. Furthermore, comparisons to a distraction group indicated that distanced-analysis was as effective as distraction in reducing depressed affect relative to the immersed-analysis group. Study 2 replicated these findings and showed that both 1 day and 7 days after the experimental manipulations, participants in the distanced-analysis group remained buffered against depressed affect and reported experiencing fewer recurring thoughts about their depression experience over time compared to both the immersed-analysis and distraction groups.

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  • The finding that less use of cognition words is associated with increased PTSD symptoms is in accord with cognitive theories of PTSD and the proposed beneficial nature of elaborative cognitive processing during trauma.

    “The use of less cognition words in those with increased PTSD symptoms is in accord with cognitive theories of PTSD and the proposed beneficial nature of elaborative cognitive processing during trauma (13, 14) and complements earlier findings of increased cognition words predicting fewer distress symptoms following emotional events (15, 25).”

    From Early Linguistic Markers of Trauma-Specific Processing Predict Post-trauma Adjustment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]

  • First-person singular pronoun use is a proposed measure of self-immersed processing.

    “Finally, the use of first-person singular pronouns (“I,” “me.” “my”), a proposed measure of self-immersed processing (24, 25) has emerged as a predictor of depression (9, 26, 27) and general psychopathology (28) in prior research.”

    From Early Linguistic Markers of Trauma-Specific Processing Predict Post-trauma Adjustment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]

  • Reappraisal is highly effective at regulating affect and physiological arousal without the cognitive and physiological costs associated with response-focused strategies, and with longer-lasting effects than attention-focused strategies.

    “One reason this strategy is so well studied is because reappraisal is highly effective at regulating affect and physiological arousal without the cognitive and physiological costs associated with response-focused strategies (e.g., expressive suppression) (Gross 1998), and with longerlasting effects than attention-focused strategies (e.g., distraction) (Ochsner and Gross 2005;Kross and Ayduk 2008;O”

    From Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies (2014) · cites this paper as Kross and Ayduk 2008

  • Anxiety and depression are global health challenges with the majority of cases emerging before the age of 24 years.

    “Anxiety and depression are global health challenges with the majority of cases emerging before the age of 24 years105,106.”

    From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [105]

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Authors
Kross, E., & Ayduk, O.
Affiliations
  • Columbia University (US)
  • University of California, Berkeley,
Corresponding author
Kross, Ethan
ORCID
Kross, Ethan
Venue
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2008-05-09
Volume
34
Issue
7
Pages
924-938
ISSN
  • 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-7433
DOI
10.1177/0146167208315938
OpenAlex
W2025906891
Cited by
390
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 24
FWCI
23.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH39349)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords
depression, depressive affect, emotion regulation, distraction, autobiographical memory, thought suppression, rumination
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Awareness, Depression, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Life Change Events, Male, Problem Solving, Psychotherapy, Mental Recall, Repression, Psychology, Thinking, Self Psychology

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