Impaired Emotional-Like Behavior and Serotonergic Function During Protracted Abstinence from Chronic Morphine
Open accessAbstract
Background Opiate abuse is a chronic relapsing disorder, and maintaining prolonged abstinence remains a major challenge. Protracted abstinence is characterized by lowered mood, and clinical studies show elevated comorbidity between addiction and depressive disorders. At present, their relationship remains unclear and has been little studied in animal models. Here we investigated emotional alterations during protracted abstinence, in mice with a history of chronic morphine exposure.Methods C57BL6J mice were exposed to a chronic intermittent escalating morphine regimen (20-100 mg/kg). Physical dependence (naloxone-precipitated withdrawal), despair-related behaviors (tail suspension test), and social behaviors were examined after 1 or 4 weeks of abstinence. Stress hormones and forebrain bioamine levels were analyzed at the end of morphine regimen and after 4 weeks of abstinence. Finally, we examined the effects of chronic fluoxetine during abstinence on morphine-induced behavioral deficits.Results Acute naloxone-induced withdrawal was clearly measurable after 1 week, and became undetectable after 4 weeks. In contrast, social and despair-related behaviors were unchanged after 1 week, but low sociability and despair-like behavior became significant after 4 weeks. Chronic morphine regimen increased both corticosterone levels and forebrain serotonin turnover, but only serotonergic activity in the dorsal raphe remained impaired after 4 weeks. Remarkably, chronic fluoxetine prevented depressive-like behavioral deficits in 4-week abstinent mice.Conclusions During protracted abstinence, the immediate consequences of morphine exposure attenuate, whereas fluoxetine-sensitive emotional alterations strengthen with time. Our study establishes a direct link between morphine abstinence and depressive-like symptoms and strongly suggests that serotonin dysfunction represents a main mechanism contributing to mood disorders in opiate abstinence.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Four weeks of withdrawal from chronic morphine administration in mice induced social deficits accompanied by impaired DR 5-HTnergic activity.
“4 weeks of withdrawal from chronic morphine administration in mice induced social deficits, which were accompanied by impaired DR 5-HTnergic activity paralleling the deficits observed in ASD models [141].”
From Neural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors (2023) · cites this paper as [141]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.110 · Cited by 5,340 · see citing works
Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1579 · Cited by 3,785 · see citing works
Yatham, L. N., & Malhi, G. S. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199562305.001.0001 · Cited by 3,515 · see citing works
NEURAL MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION: The Role of Reward-Related Learning and Memory
Hyman, S. E., Malenka, R. C., & Nestler, E. J. (2006) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009 · Cited by 2,647 · see citing works
Matthes, H. W. D., Maldonado, R., Simonin, F., Valverde, O., Slowe, S., Kitchen, I., Befort, K., Dierich, A., Le Meur, M., Dollé, P., et al. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383819a0 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Self-citationNew approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines
Berton, O., & Nestler, E. J. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1846 · Cited by 1,589 · see citing works
The ascent of mouse: advances in modelling human depression and anxiety
Cryan, J. F., & Holmes, A. (2005) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1825 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
A Role for Brain Stress Systems in Addiction
Koob, G. F. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.06.012 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Stress dysregulation of drug reward pathways, and the transition to drug dependence
Koob, & Kreek, M. J. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.05030503 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
A review of 25 years of the social interaction test
File, S. E., & Seth, P. (2003) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01273-1 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Psychiatric and Substance Use Comorbidity Among Treatment-Seeking Opioid Abusers
Brooner, R. K. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830130077015 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Neurobiological mechanisms for opponent motivational processes in addiction
Koob, G. F., & Moal, M. L. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0094 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Antidepressants and neuroplasticity
D'Sa, C. M., & Duman, R. S. (2002) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.01203.x · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Neural substrates of opiate withdrawal
Koob, G. F., Maldonado, R. J., & Stinus, L. (1992) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90171-4 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Corticosteroid–serotonin interactions in the neurobiological mechanisms of stress-related disorders
Lanfumey, L., Mongeau, R., Cohen‐Salmon, C., & Hamon, M. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.04.006 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
The role of CRF and CRF-related peptides in the dark side of addiction
Koob, G. F. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.008 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Kalueff, A., & Tuohimaa, P. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.001 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Martin, W. R., & Jasinski, D. R. (1969) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(69)90007-7 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Brain substrates for increased drug seeking during protracted withdrawal
Aston‐Jones, G., & Harris, G. C. (2004) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.06.020 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Kosten, T. R. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800080019003 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
MALDONADO, R. (1997) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(95)00061-5 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Smith, R. J., & Aston-Jones, G. (2008) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-008-0191-3 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
File, S. E., Kenny, P. J., & Ouagazzal, A. (1998) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.112.6.1423 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationFrenois, F., Cador, M., Caillé, S., Stinus, L., & Moine, C. L. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02187.x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Mills, K. L., Lynskey, M. T., Teesson, M., Ross, J. E., & Darke, S. G. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.016 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
File, S. E., Kenny, P. J., & Ouagazzal, A. (1998) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.112.6.1423 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationImipramine Treatment of Opiate-Dependent Patients With Depressive Disorders
Nunes, E. V., Quitkin, F. M., Donovan, S. J., Deliyannides, D. A., Ocepek‐Welikson, K., Koenig, T., Brady, R., McGrath, P. J., & WOODY, G. E. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.2.153 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
McClung, C. A., Nestler, E. J., & Zachariou, V. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0062-05.2005 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Treatment of depression in patients with opiate dependence
Nunes, E. V., Sullivan, M. A., & LEVIN, F. R. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.037 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
The role of neuroadaptations in relapse to drug seeking
Shaham, Y., & Hope, B. T. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1105-1437 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Tao, R., & Auerbach, S. B. (1995) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00154-b · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Depression in methadone maintenance treatment patients: Rate and risk factors
Peles, E., Schreiber, S., Naumovsky, Y., & Adelson, M. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.017 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Chronic mild stress generates clear depressive but ambiguous anxiety-like behaviour in rats
Kompagne, H., Bárdos, G., Szénási, G., Gacsályi, I., Hársing, L. G., & Lévay, G. I. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.008 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Morphine-induced Changes of Gene Expression in the Brain
Ammon-Treiber, S., & Höllt, V. (2004) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1080/13556210412331308994 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
β-adrenergic antagonists attenuate withdrawal anxiety in cocaine-and morphine-dependent rats
Harris, G. C., & Aston‐Jones, G. (1993) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244345 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Teesson, M., Havard, A., Fairbairn, S., Ross, J. E., Lynskey, M. T., & Darke, S. G. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Comorbid Forms of Psychopathology: Key Patterns and Future Research Directions
Cerdá, M., Sagdeo, A., & Galea, S. (2008) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Reinforcement processes in opiate addiction: A homeostatic model
Schulteis, G., & Koob, G. F. (1996) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf02532385 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Tolerance to Opioid Narcotics: Time Course and Reversibility of Physical Dependence in Mice
Cheney, D. L., & Goldstein, A. (1971) · Nature · doi:10.1038/232477a0 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Zhang, G., Ren, Y., Sheng, L.-X., Chi, Y., Du, W., Guo, S., Jiang, Z.-N., Xiao, L., Luo, X.-N., Tang, Y., et al. (2008) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990802385781 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Lanteri, C., Salomon, L., Torrens, Y., Glowinski, J., & Tassin, J. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301548 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Tassin, J. (2007) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.038 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Molina, V. A., Heyser, C. J., & SPEAR, L. P. (1994) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02249333 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Mu‐opioid receptor activation induces transcriptional plasticity in the central extended amygdala
Befort, K., Filliol, D., Ghate, A., Darcq, E., Matifas, A., Muller, J., Lardenois, A., Thibault-Carpentier, C., Dembélé, D., Merrer, J. L., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06273.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationIntermittent Morphine Administration Induces Dependence and is a Chronic Stressor in Rats
Houshyar, H., Gómez-Oliver, F., Manalo, S. L., Bhargava, A., & Dallman, M. F. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300271 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Fadda, P., Scherma, M., Fresu, A., Collu, M., & Fratta, W. (2005) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20122 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Harris, G. C. M. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00184-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Zhao, Z.-Q., Gao, Y., Sun, Y.-G., Zhao, C., Gereau, R. W., & Chen, Z. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705740104 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Harris, G. C., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300122 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Stimulation of nicotinic receptors in the lateral septal nucleus increases anxiety
Ouagazzal, A., Kenny, P. J., & File, S. E. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00823.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of acute and chronic morphine dependence in male and female mice
Kest, B., Palmese, C. A., Hopkins, E., et al. (2001) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00600-1 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Contet, C., Filliol, D., Matifas, A., & Kieffer, B. L. (2007) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.10.015 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterns of major depression and drug-related problems amongst heroin users across 36 months
Darke, S. G., Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Ross, J. E., Williamson, A., & Havard, A. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.12.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Proudnikov, D., Yuferov, V., & Kreek, M. J. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.015 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Persistence of ?relapse-tendencies? of rats previously made physically dependent on morphine
Wikler, A., & Pescor, F. T. (1970) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00404848 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Anraku, T., Ikegaya, Y., Matsuki, N., & Nishiyama, N. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130100793 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Jaffe, J. H. (1990) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01624.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Indirect serotonergic agonists attenuate neuronal opiate withdrawal
Akaoka, H., & Aston‐Jones, G. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90227-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Zhou, X., Wang, X., Xiang, X., Chen, H., & Hao, W. (2007) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00068.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Singh, V. P., Jain, S., & Kulkarni, S. (2003) · Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1358/mf.2003.25.4.769675 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sakoori, K., & Murphy, N. P. (2004) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.11.013 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kakko, J., von Wachenfeldt, J., Svanborg, K. D., Lidström, J., Barr, C. S., & Heilig, M. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine Correlates of Temperament Traits in Abstinent Opiate Addicts
Gerra, G., Zaimovic, A., Ferri, M., Marzocchi, G. F., Timpano, M., Zambelli, U., Begarani, M., Delsignore, R., & Brambilla, F. (2000) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(00)00031-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sastre-Coll, A., Esteban, S., & Garcı́a-Sevilla, J. A. (2002) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00210-001-0508-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Rafieian‐Kopaei, M., Gray, A. M., Spencer, P. S. J., et al. (1995) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(94)00770-8 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Intake of and preference for sweet solutions are attenuated in morphine-withdrawn rats.
Lieblich, I., Yirmiya, R., & Liebeskind, J. C. (1991) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.105.6.965 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gene Expression Is Altered in the Lateral Hypothalamus upon Activation of the mu Opioid Receptor
Befort, K., Filliol, D., Darcq, E., Ghate, A., Matifas, A., Lardenois, A., Muller, J., Thibault-Carpentier, C., Dembélé, D., Poch, O., et al. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1417.028 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of fluvoxamine and sertraline on the opioid withdrawal syndrome:
Gray, A. M. (2002) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00028-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Increased Vulnerability to Stress Following Opiate Exposures: Behavioral and Autonomic Correlates.
Blatchford, K. E., Diamond, K., Westbrook, R. F., & McNally, G. P. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.4.1034 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Intake of and preference for sweet solutions are attenuated in morphine-withdrawn rats.
Lieblich, I., Yirmiya, R., & Liebeskind, J. C. (1991) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.965 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Grasing, K., & Ghosh, S. (1998) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00093-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Serum cortisol secretion during heroin abstinence is elevated only nocturnally
Li, S.-X., Li, J., Epstein, D. H., Zhang, X. Y., Kosten, T. R., & Lu, L. (2008) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990802013664 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Biological Sciences: Morphine Physical Dependence unaltered by Previous Dependence on Morphine
Wei, E. T., & Loh, H. H. (1972) · Nature · doi:10.1038/238396a0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dorsal and median raphe serotonergic system lesion does not alter the opiate withdrawal syndrome
Caillé, S., Fernández‐Espejo, E., Koob, G. F., & Stinus, L. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00810-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wu, C.-C., Chen, J. Y.-R., Tao, P., et al. (2005) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.02.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Alaei, H., Pourshanazari, A., & Rafati, A. (2002) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0928-4680(02)00050-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Blatchford, K. E., Choi, E. A., & McNally, G. P. (2006) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.5.1169 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Brase, D. A., Iwamoto, E. T., Hh, L., et al. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Opioid receptors: Distinct roles in mood disorders
Lutz, P.-E., & Kieffer, B. L. (2013) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2012.11.002 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Self-citationArbogast, T., Ouagazzal, A.-M., Chevalier, C., Kopanitsa, M., Afinowi, N., Migliavacca, E., Cowling, B. S., Birling, M.-C., Champy, M.-F., Reymond, A., et al. (2016) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005709 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationZanos, P., Georgiou, P., Wright, S. R., Hourani, S. M., Kitchen, I., Winsky-Sommerer, R., & Bailey, A. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.285 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Taylor, A. M. W., Castonguay, A., Ghogha, A., Vayssiere, P., Pradhan, A. A. A., Xue, L., Mehrabani, S., Wu, J., Levitt, P., Olmstead, M. C., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.221 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Valentinova, K., Tchenio, A., Trusel, M., Clerke, J. A., Lalive, A. L., Tzanoulinou, S., Matera, A., Moutkine, I., Maroteaux, L., Paolicelli, R. C., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0421-4 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Becker, J. A. J., Kieffer, B. L., & Le Merrer, J. (2017) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12405 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural circuits regulating prosocial behaviors
Walsh, J. J., Christoffel, D. J., & Malenka, R. C. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01348-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Del Boca, C., Lutz, P. E., Le Merrer, J., Koebel, P., & Kieffer, B. L. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.022 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationSubstance use disorders: Psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms and new targets for therapy
Loftis, J. M., & Huckans, M. (2013) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Focusing on the Opioid System for Addiction Biomarker Discovery
Belzeaux, R., Lalanne, L., Kieffer, B. L., & Lutz, P.-E. (2018) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goeldner, C., Lutz, P.-E., Darcq, E., Halter, T., Clesse, D., Ouagazzal, A.-M., & Kieffer, B. L.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Kieffer, Brigitte L.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 236-244
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3014999
- OpenAlex
- W1963916634
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Université de Strasbourg
- European Union (GENADDICT/FP6 005166)
- Fondation de la Recherche Médicale
- National Institutes of Health (NIAAA AA-16658, NIDA DA-16768)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- morphine withdrawal, opioid withdrawal, depression, serotonin, dorsal raphe nucleus, fluoxetine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, social behavior, despair-like behavior, corticosterone, mood disorders, chronic morphine exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Corticosterone, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Emotions, Fluoxetine, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Morphine, Morphine Dependence, Raphe Nuclei, Serotonin, Social Behavior, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Time Factors, Prosencephalon, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
