Hyperactive error responses and altered connectivity in ventromedial and frontoinsular cortices in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) show abnormal functioning in ventral frontal brain regions involved in emotional/motivational processes, including anterior insula/frontal operculum (aI/fO) and ventromedial frontal cortex (VMPFC). While OCD has been associated with an increased neural response to errors, the influence of motivational factors on this effect remains poorly understood. Methods To investigate the contribution of motivational factors to error processing in OCD, and to examine functional connectivity between regions involved in the error response, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were measured in 39 OCD patients (20 unmedicated, 19 medicated) and 38 control subjects (20 unmedicated, 18 medicated) during an error-eliciting interference task where motivational context was varied using monetary incentives (null, loss, and gain). Results Across all errors, OCD patients showed reduced deactivation of VMPFC and greater activation in left aI/fO as compared to controls. For errors specifically resulting in a loss, patients further hyperactivated VMPFC as well as right aI/fO. Independent of activity associated with task events, OCD patients showed greater functional connectivity between VMPFC and regions of bilateral aI/fO and right thalamus. Conclusions OCD patients show greater activation in neural regions associated with emotion and valuation when making errors, which could be related to altered intrinsic functional connectivity between brain networks. These results highlight the importance of emotional/motivational responses to mistakes in OCD, and point to the need for further study of network interactions in the disorder.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 61 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Left aI/fO showed positive signal relative to implicit baseline for errors and corrects in all groups.
“Examination of parameter estimates from left aI/fO revealed a positive signal relative to implicit baseline for both errors and corrects in all groups”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
OCD patients showed greater right aI/fO activity for loss errors than for null errors.
“Results from targeted analyses of aI/fO also showed greater right aI/fO activity in loss as compared to null errors in OCD patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Unmedicated patients had a greater left aI/fO error signal than medicated patients.
“There was a main effect of medication in left aI/fO (p = .01, Figure 2C), with greater error signal for unmedicated than medicated patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Both OCD and control groups showed similar patterns of activation for errors versus corrects within the FST search area.
“Control and OCD groups exhibited similar patterns of activations for errors > corrects, averaged across incentive value, within the FST area”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Independent of task-event activity, OCD patients had stronger functional connectivity between VMPFC and bilateral aI/fO and right thalamus than controls.
“Independent of activity associated with task events, OCD patients showed greater functional connectivity between VMPFC and regions of bilateral aI/fO and right thalamus.”
- Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · plain
“Group comparisons revealed significantly more positive coupling of VMPFC with right aI/fO in OCD (Figure 4A).”
- Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · hedged
“OCD patients also exhibited more positive connectivity between VMPFC and left aI/fO as well as VMPFC and right thalamus, although this may be due to differences in generalized depression and anxiety”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Intrinsic functional connectivity · plain
- Findingown data
OCD patients showed more VMPFC activity for loss errors than for null errors.
“OCD patients exhibited more activity in VMPFC for loss than for null errors”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Control subjects showed no differences between loss and null errors.
“Whereas control subjects showed no differences between loss and null errors”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For loss errors, OCD patients showed greater VMPFC and right aI/fO activity than for null errors.
“For errors specifically resulting in a loss, patients further hyperactivated VMPFC as well as right aI/fO.”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“OCD patients exhibited more activity in VMPFC for loss than for null errors (Figure 3A).”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“Results from targeted analyses of aI/fO also showed greater right aI/fO activity in loss as compared to null errors in OCD patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
- Findingown data
Neither group showed significant deactivations in the loss-versus-null error comparison.
“No significant deactivations were found for either group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No brain regions showed greater activity in controls than in OCD patients.
“There were no regions where controls showed greater activity than patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
OCD patients displayed more activation in anterior insula/frontal operculum than controls.
“Patients also showed more activation in aI/fO”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In OCD patients only, intrinsic VMPFC-right aI/fO coupling was positively correlated with right aI/fO activity for loss-versus-null errors.
“In the OCD group only, intrinsic coupling between VMPFC and right aI/fO was positively correlated with event-related activity in VMPFC for errors > corrects and right aI/fO for loss > null errors, indicating that patients with more positive coupling independent of task events also showed greater evoked responses in VMPFC and right aI/fO during errors (Figure 4C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The groups did not differ in pMFC regions linked to cognitive conflict detection.
“no differences were found between groups in pMFC regions associated with detection of cognitive conflict”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In OCD patients only, VMPFC-thalamic connectivity was positively correlated with right aI/fO activity for the loss-versus-null error contrast.
“In addition, VMPFC-thalamic connectivity was positively correlated with right aI/fO activity for loss > null error contrast, again only in the OCD group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Both groups showed considerable positive connectivity between the residual VMPFC timecourse and other DMN areas, including subgenual cingulate, anterior MFC, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.
“Both groups showed considerable positive connectivity between the residual VMPFC timecourse and other areas of DMN including subgenual cingulate, anterior MFC, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For errors involving monetary loss, OCD patients showed greater VMPFC activity than controls.
“both across all error types and specifically for errors associated with loss”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant group differences were found for fail-to-gain versus null errors within the FST search area or aI/fO ROIs.
“No significant group differences were found within the FST search area or when using small volume correction within aI/fO ROIs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
For the right aI/fO cluster, loss and null errors both showed positive signals in all groups.
“For the right aI/fO cluster, loss and null errors both showed positive signals in all groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Both OCD groups had positive VMPFC signal for loss errors.
“Both OCD groups showed a positive signal in this region for loss errors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant correlations were found among controls.
“No significant correlations were found among controls.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Group comparisons showed significantly more positive VMPFC-right aI/fO coupling in OCD patients.
“Group comparisons revealed significantly more positive coupling of VMPFC with right aI/fO in OCD (Figure 4A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant group differences were found for high versus low interference correct trials in the FST search area or aI/fO ROIs.
“No significant group differences were found in either the FST search area or when correcting within aI/fO.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In controls, high versus low interference correct trials also activated left caudate head.
“For controls, left caudate head was also activated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
OCD patients had altered functional coupling between anterior insula/frontal operculum and VMPFC, independent of event-related activation.
“altered functional connectivity between aI/fO and VMPFC, independent of event-related activation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity was higher than in controls for all error types.
“OCD patients exhibit greater activity in VMPFC, due to a failure to deactivate this DMN region to the same extent as controls, both across all error types”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In OCD patients only, intrinsic VMPFC-right aI/fO coupling was positively correlated with event-related VMPFC activity for errors-versus-corrects.
“In the OCD group only, intrinsic coupling between VMPFC and right aI/fO was positively correlated with event-related activity in VMPFC for errors > corrects and right aI/fO for loss > null errors, indicating that patients with more positive coupling independent of task events also showed greater evoked responses in VMPFC and right aI/fO during errors (Figure 4C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
High versus low interference correct trials activated pMFC and bilateral aI/fO and deactivated VMPFC in both OCD patients and controls.
“Cognitive conflict on high vs. low interference trials elicited activations in pMFC and bilateral aI/fO and deactivations in VMPFC for both OCD patients and controls (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Control subjects showed no activation or deactivation differences between fail-to-gain and null errors.
“Control subjects showed no differences (activations or deactivations) between fail-to-gain and null errors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
VMPFC was positively coupled with bilateral aI/fO and adjacent lateral OFC, caudate head, and posterior thalamus.
“VMPFC was also positively coupled with bilateral aI/fO and adjacent lateral OFC (BAs 11/13/47), caudate head, and posterior thalamus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relative failure to deactivate VMPFC in OCD occurred for loss errors more than for errors without consequences.
“This relative failure for OCD patients to deactivate VMPFC was seen not only across all errors, but also for errors involving a loss in excess of what was found for errors without consequences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The VMPFC region for loss > null errors was posterior and ventral to the region for all errors > corrects.
“the region of VMPFC found for loss > null errors was located posterior and ventral to the region emerging for all errors > corrects”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The amount of connectivity between VMPFC and right aI/fO in OCD patients was correlated with evoked responses in these areas during errors.
“the amount of connectivity between VMPFC and right aI/fO in OCD patients was correlated with evoked responses in these areas during errors”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Behavioral evidence indicated that OCD patients found errors more frustrating than controls.
“consistent with our behavioral evidence indicating that OCD patients experienced errors as more frustrating than controls”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Using task-based connectivity analysis with task variance regressed out, OCD was associated with greater positive coupling between VMPFC and right aI/fO than controls.
“we found that OCD was associated with greater positive coupling between VMPFC and right aI/fO than controls”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
aI/fO is preferentially active in tasks involving autonomic-somatic responses and integration of bodily signals with feeling states, including risk and intolerance of uncertainty.
“with aI/fO being preferentially active in tasks involving autonomic-somatic responses and integration of bodily signals with “feeling states” (27, 29), such as risk (51) and intolerance of uncertainty (52).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] Paulus, 2006, An insular view of anxiety, Biol Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [29] Cechetto, 2009, Functional neuroanatomy of autonomic regulation, Neuroimage source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [51] Simmons, 2008, Intolerance of uncertainty correlates with insula activation during affective ambiguity, Neurosci Lett source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The elevated VMPFC activity in OCD indicates a failure to deactivate this default-mode region as much as controls do.
“due to a failure to deactivate this DMN region to the same extent as controls”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The error-related negativity is reliably increased in OCD.
“an electrophysiological index of error detection that is reliably increased in OCD, the error-related negativity (ERN) (8, 10, 11, 13)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [8] Stern, 2010, Chronic medication does not affect hyperactive error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Psychophysiology
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [10] Hajcak, 2002, Error-related brain activity in obsessive-compulsive undergraduates, Psychiatry Res source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Gehring, 2000, Action-monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Psychol Sci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Endrass, 2008, Overactive performance monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: ERP evidence from correct and erroneous reactions, Neuropsychologia source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy adults, error detection activates a network including pMFC/dACC and bilateral aI/fO.
“In healthy adults, error detection activates a specific neural network that includes posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC)/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) often extending into rostral ACC, and bilateral anterior insula/frontal operculum (aI/fO) including regions of posterolateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] Taylor, 2007, Neural systems for error monitoring: Recent findings and theoretical perspectives, Neuroscientist source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
DMN regions including VMPFC and posterior cingulate cortex deactivate with increases in externally-directed cognition, including error detection.
“regions of the “default-mode” network (DMN) including VMPFC and posterior cingulate cortex deactivate with increases in externally-directed cognition (31-33) including that associated with error detection (34, 35).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [31] Simpson, 2001, Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [32] Shulman, 1997, Common blood flow changes across visual cortex, J Cogn Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [33] Drevets, 1998, Suppression of regional cerebral blood during emotional versus higher cognitive implications for interactions between emotion and cognition, Cogn Emot source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [34] Fitzgerald, 2010, Altered function and connectivity of the medial frontal cortex in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder, Biol Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [35] Lebreton, 2009, An automatic valuation system in the human brain: Evidence from functional neuroimaging, Neuron source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
ERN data cannot provide precise circuitry information.
“However, ERN data cannot provide precise circuitry information (42), so further work is needed to understand the link between emotion/motivation, error sensitivity, and ventral frontal hyperactivity in OCD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] First, 1996
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductnone given
The observed effects were not explained by medication or a history of depression.
“with evidence that these effects are not due to medication or history of depression”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Despite coactivation, aI/fO and pMFC may serve distinguishable functions.
“Despite significant coactivation, these regions may have distinguishable functions (22, 23)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Residual VMPFC timecourse from a GLM excluding task events reflects intrinsic functional connectivity independent of event-related activity.
“These correlations are described as intrinsic because this method identifies interregional coupling that is independent of and linearly superimposed upon event-related activity (47, 48).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [47] Fox, 2006, Coherent spontaneous activity accounts for trial-to-trial variability in human evoked brain responses, Nat Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [48] Cox, 1996, AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages, Comput Biomed Res source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Reduced VMPFC deactivation has also been noted in major depression, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia.
“having also been noted in major depression (64), autism spectrum disorder (65), and schizophrenia (66)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [64] Kennedy, 2006, Failing to deactivate: Resting functional abnormalities in autism, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [65] Pomarol-Clotet, 2008, Failure to deactivate in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: Dysfunction of the default mode network?, Psychol Med source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [66] Gehring WJ, Liu Y, Orr JM, Carp J (in press): The error-related negativity (ERN/Ne). In: Luck SJ, Kappenman E, editors. Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components. New York: Oxford University Press. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Loss errors in particular elicit right aI/fO activity associated with arousal and negative emotion in OCD.
“with loss errors in particular eliciting activity in right aI/fO associated with arousal and negative emotion”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
OCD patients' reduced VMPFC deactivation to errors may result from an inability to properly disengage internal-evaluative processes when mistakes are detected.
“Thus, OCD patients' reduced deactivation of VMPFC to errors may be due to an inability to properly disengage internal-evaluative processes when mistakes are detected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Posterior VMPFC activation for loss errors in OCD may relate to greater concern for future consequences of loss.
“suggesting that the posterior VMPFC activation found for loss errors in OCD may be related to greater concern for the future consequences of loss”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] Bressler, 2010, Large-scale brain networks in cognition: Emerging methods and principles, Trends Cogn Sci source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
In OCD, activation of aI/fO is more likely to switch on internal-evaluative processes subserved by VMPFC, independent of task events.
“the significantly more positive relationship between aI/fO and VMPFC in OCD patients suggests that, in this disorder, activation of aI/fO is more likely to “switch on” internal-evaluative processes subserved by VMPFC, independent of task events”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
OCD patients appraise the motivational salience of errors as greater than controls.
“Our results suggest that OCD patients appraise the motivational salience of errors as greater than controls”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
VMPFC tends to deactivate when attention is directed to external stimuli in cognitive tasks, possibly reflecting disengagement from or suppression of automatic internal emotional-evaluative processes.
“VMPFC tends to deactivate when attention is directed to external stimuli in cognitive tasks (31, 32), perhaps reflecting disengagement from or suppression of automatic internal emotional-evaluative processes (33, 38, 40).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [31] Simpson, 2001, Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [32] Shulman, 1997, Common blood flow changes across visual cortex, J Cogn Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [33] Drevets, 1998, Suppression of regional cerebral blood during emotional versus higher cognitive implications for interactions between emotion and cognition, Cogn Emot source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
An inability to disengage from evaluative and self-referential functions may be a general process contributing to the pathophysiology of many disorders.
“suggesting that an inability to disengage from evaluative and self-referential functions may be a general process that contributes to the pathophysiology of many disorders”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Positive coupling within VMPFC and right aI/fO is associated with an enhanced error-related response in OCD.
“suggests that positive coupling within these regions is associated with an enhanced error-related response in OCD”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 29
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataVMPFC deactivation was smallest in medicated OCD patients and greatest in medicated patient controls, with a trend toward a medication-by-diagnosis interaction.
“While there was no effect of medication (p = .25), VMPFC deactivation was smallest in mOCD and greatest in mPC subjects (trend medication-by-diagnosis interaction, p = .067, Figure 2C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataVMPFC parameter estimates were negative relative to implicit baseline for null errors in all four groups and for loss errors in both control groups.
“Parameter estimates from VMPFC revealed negative signals relative to implicit baseline for null errors in all four groups and for loss errors in both control groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOCD and control groups did not differ in number of errors or in perceived error frequency.
“Groups did not differ in number of errors or perception of error frequency (p > .1 for all effects)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOCD patients reported being more flustered by mistakes and marginally more frustrated with their performance than controls.
“OCD patients were more flustered by mistakes (F (1,73) = 5.8, p = .02) and marginally more frustrated with their performance (F (1,73) = 3.3, p = .075).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth groups deactivated VMPFC in response to errors, but the extent of deactivation was larger in controls.
“While both groups showed VMPFC deactivation in response to errors, the extent of this deactivation was larger for controls”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the left aI/fO errors-versus-corrects contrast, no effect of incentive and no incentive-by-diagnosis interaction were found.
“with a post-hoc ANOVA on contrast estimates (errors > corrects) revealing no effect of incentive (p = .54) and no interaction between incentive and diagnosis (p = .11).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the VMPFC errors-versus-corrects contrast, post-hoc ANOVAs found no effect of incentive and no incentive-by-diagnosis interaction.
“Post-hoc ANOVAs on contrast estimates (errors > corrects) revealed no effect of incentive (p = .11) or incentive-by-diagnosis interaction (p = .35), suggesting a relative failure of VMPFC deactivation in OCD for all three errors types (null, fail-to-gain, and loss).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataGroup comparisons showed significant VMPFC differences, and OCD patients had greater right aI/fO activity than controls when correcting within aI/fO ROIs.
“Group comparisons yielded significant differences in VMPFC (Figure 3B), with no other regions surviving correction; however, OCD patients also showed greater activity than controls in right aI/fO when correcting within aI/fO ROIs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAcross all error types, OCD patients had less deactivation of VMPFC and more activation in left aI/fO than control subjects.
“Across all errors, OCD patients showed reduced deactivation of VMPFC and greater activation in left aI/fO as compared to controls.”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“While both groups showed VMPFC deactivation in response to errors, the extent of this deactivation was larger for controls (Figure 2A and Table 1), leading to a significant OCD > control difference for errors > corrects (Figure 2B).”
- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
“results from a targeted analysis of aI/fO showed significantly greater activation in left aI/fO in OCD patients than controls (Figure 2B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Event-related activity · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataPost-hoc ANOVAs on parameter estimates from these regions showed a medication-by-diagnosis interaction in right aI/fO, with medicated OCD patients having the most positive VMPFC connectivity and medicated patient controls the least.
“Post-hoc ANOVAs performed on parameter estimates extracted from these regions revealed a medication-by-diagnosis interaction in right aI/fO (p = .04, see Figure 4B), indicating that mOCD patients showed the most positive connectivity with VMPFC while mPCs showed the least.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor the loss-versus-null errors contrast, post-hoc ANOVAs found no medication effects and no medication-by-diagnosis interactions in VMPFC or right aI/fO.
“Post-hoc ANOVAs on contrast estimates (loss > null errors) revealed no effects of medication and no medication-by-diagnosis interactions in either region (Figure 3C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataControls showed negative connectivity between VMPFC and pMFC and a left aI/fO region, while OCD patients showed no negative coupling.
“Whereas controls exhibited negative connectivity between VMPFC and pMFC as well as a region of left aI/fO located superior and posterior to aI/fO areas showing positive connectivity with VMPFC, no negative coupling was found in OCD patients.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPositive coupling between VMPFC and aI/fO was greater in OCD patients than controls and overlapped with aI/fO regions activated in the errors-versus-corrects and loss-versus-null errors contrasts in patients.
“Extent of positive coupling between VMPFC and aI/fO was greater in OCD patients than controls, and overlapped with aI/fO regions that were activated in the errors > corrects and loss > null errors contrasts in patients”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOCD patients also showed more positive VMPFC-left aI/fO and VMPFC-right thalamus connectivity, though this could be due to differences in generalized depression and anxiety.
“OCD patients also exhibited more positive connectivity between VMPFC and left aI/fO as well as VMPFC and right thalamus, although this may be due to differences in generalized depression and anxiety”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOCD patients showed more right aI/fO activity for fail-to-gain errors than for null errors, with no deactivations.
“OCD patients showed significantly more activity for errors when they failed to gain money as compared to null errors in right aI/fO (x = 51, y = 27, z = -12, k = 43, z = 4.02), with no deactivations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo interactions were found for left aI/fO and thalamus, and no main effects of medication were found in any regions.
“No interactions were found for left aI/fO and thalamus, and no main effects of medication were found in any regions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataOCD patients show greater activation in emotion- and valuation-related neural regions when making errors, and this may be linked to altered intrinsic functional connectivity between brain networks.
“OCD patients show greater activation in neural regions associated with emotion and valuation when making errors, which could be related to altered intrinsic functional connectivity between brain networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIncreased error-related VMPFC activity has been reported in OCD.
“Increased error-related VMPFC activity has been reported in OCD (12), perhaps reflecting an inability of patients to disengage from automatic evaluative processes when errors occur.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] Fitzgerald, 2005, Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Biol Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataMultiple regression analyses tested for effects of generalized depression, anxiety, OC symptom severity, and SRI dosage on neural activity in regions showing group differences.
“Multiple regression analyses probed for effects of generalized depression and anxiety, OC symptom severity, and SRI dosage on neural activity in regions exhibiting group differences”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe stronger error response in OCD may arise from overvaluing error significance, possibly tied to altered intrinsic connectivity between valuation and emotion regions.
“These data suggest that the enhanced error response in OCD may be due to an overvaluation of error significance potentially related to altered intrinsic connectivity between regions involved in valuation and emotion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationVMPFC deactivation in healthy adults may be modulated by saliency signals from aI/fO.
“Intriguingly, VMPFC deactivation in healthy adults may be modulated by saliency signals coming from aI/fO (18), suggesting that interactions between these regions may impact how errors are processed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe error-related negativity differs between OCD patients and controls depending on whether errors were associated with monetary loss versus no loss.
“was found to differ between OCD patients and controls based on whether errors were associated with a monetary loss versus no loss (41).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Luck, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOCD involves an overactive error signal that something is wrong, which leads to ritualistic behaviors aimed at preventing harmful consequences of perceived mistakes.
“There is evidence that OCD involves an overactive error signal indicating that “something is wrong” (2), leading to ritualistic behaviors aimed at preventing harmful consequences of perceived “mistakes.””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2] Pitman, 1987, A cybernetic model of obsessive-compulsive psychopathology, Compr Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationpMFC and aI/fO may have dissociable functions: pMFC may signal cognitive events requiring behavioral control such as response conflict, while aI/fO may be linked to emotional/motivational salience of errors.
“While error-related activation in pMFC may signal the presence of cognitive events that require behavioral control, such as detecting mismatch between actual and intended responses (i.e., response conflict) (24, 25), aI/fO and adjacent lateral OFC may be preferentially linked to the emotional/motivational salience of errors, consistent with their role in somatic-autonomic and evaluative processes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked- cites [24] Carter, 1998, Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance, Science source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [25] Botvinick, 2001, Conflict monitoring and cognitive control, Psychol Review source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23] Craig, 2009, How do you feel—now?, Nat Rev Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [26] Simmons, 2004, Anticipation of emotionally aversive visual stimuli activates right insula, Neuroreport source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [27] Paulus, 2006, An insular view of anxiety, Biol Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [28] Critchley, 2005, Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration, J Comp Neurol source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [29] Cechetto, 2009, Functional neuroanatomy of autonomic regulation, Neuroimage source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [30] Kringelbach, 2004, The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology, Prog Neurobiol source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVMPFC is involved in internal mentation and automatic value judgments.
“VMPFC plays a role in internal mentation and automatic value judgments (36-38), in contrast to lateral OFC, which may be associated with externally-triggered valuation (39).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [36] Hare, 2009, Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system, Science source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [37] Buckner, 2008, The brain's default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease, Ann N Y Acad Sci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [38] Bouret, 2010, Ventromedial and orbital prefrontal neurons differentially encode internally and externally driven motivational values in monkeys, J Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDuring salience detection, aI/fO may respond to the perceived value of external events, while pMFC may process cognitive information or initiate volitional responses to salient events.
“aI/fO may respond to the perceived value of external events, in contrast to pMFC, which may be more engaged in processing cognitive information (21) or the initiation of volitional behaviors when responding to salient events (23).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationDiagnostic evaluation used the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis administered by a trained clinician.
“Subjects provided written informed consent and were evaluated by a trained clinician using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis (43).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Goodman, 1989, The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPrior work indicates that aI/fO and pMFC/dACC belong to a network that responds to salient external events.
“Previous research suggests that aI/fO, along with pMFC/dACC, is part of a network responding to salient external events (18, 19).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [19] Seeley, 2007, Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control, J Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationStatistical tests were thresholded at alpha .05 with cluster-level correction for multiple comparisons within the FST search area using Monte-Carlo simulations in AlphaSim.
“One- and two-sample t-tests were thresholded with an alpha of .05, cluster-level corrected for multiple comparisons within the FST search area using Monte-Carlo simulations as implemented by AlphaSim in AFNI (49, 50).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [49] Ward
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [50] Preuschoff, 2008, Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk, J Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOCD patients exhibit an increased ERN, which has a source in pMFC.
“Although OCD patients exhibit an increased ERN, which has a source in pMFC (67)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [67]
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationaI/fO may be a central hub that initiates switching between central executive and default modes of processing.
“Recent data suggests that aI/fO may be a central “hub” that initiates switching between central executive and default modes of processing (18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningPerformance feedback on each trial increased motivation but prevented disentangling neural activity to responses versus feedback.
“Performance feedback provided on each trial was used to increase motivation, but made it impossible to disentangle neural activity to responses versus feedback.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVMPFC is a default-mode region associated with motivational behaviors, including positive and negative emotions, self-referential processing, and risky decision-making.
“VMPFC, a region of DMN that has been associated with a variety of motivational behaviors, including the experience of positive and negative emotions (45, 53-55), self-referential processing (56), and risky decision-making (57, 58).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [45] Yang, 2002, Simultaneous perfusion and BOLD imaging using reverse spiral scanning at 3T: Characterization of functional contrast and susceptibility artifacts, Magn Reson Med source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [53] Phan, 2002, Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI, Neuroimage source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [54] O'Doherty, 2003, Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices, J Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [55] Phan, 2004, Neural correlates of individual ratings of emotional salience: A trial-related fMRI study, Neuroimage source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [56] Clark, 2008, Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making, Brain source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe results highlight the role of motivational brain systems in OCD, pointing to overvaluation of errors related to altered functional relationships between networks processing external salience and emotional-evaluative internal thought.
“our results highlight the role of motivational brain systems in OCD, pointing to an overvaluation of errors related to alteration in functional relationships between networks processing external salience and emotional-evaluative internal thought”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRight aI/fO has been linked to sympathetic arousal and anticipation of aversive stimuli.
“Right aI/fO in particular has been associated with sympathetic arousal (29) and anticipation of aversive stimuli (26).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationResults regarding the location of medial frontal increases in OCD have been inconsistent, with some studies finding differences only in VMPFC, another only in pMFC, and others in both.
“there have been inconsistent results regarding the location of medial frontal increases in OCD, with one fMRI study finding differences only in VMPFC (12), another only in pMFC (7), and others in both regions (9, 35).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [12] Fitzgerald, 2005, Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Biol Psychiatry source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Ursu, 2003, Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging, Psychol Sci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [9] Maltby, 2005, Dysfunctional action monitoring hyperactivates frontal-striatal circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: An event-related fMRI study, Neuroimage source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAreas within VMPFC are densely interconnected and strongly positively correlated.
“areas within VMPFC are densely interconnected and strongly positively correlated (38, 59)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [38] Bouret, 2010, Ventromedial and orbital prefrontal neurons differentially encode internally and externally driven motivational values in monkeys, J Neurosci source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [59] Andrews-Hanna, 2010, Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain's default network, Neuron source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Including medicated patient controls with a history of depression in the control group allows group differences to be attributed to OCD rather than to depression or medication effects.
“As the majority of OCD patients had a history of major depression (see Methods and Materials in the Supplement), a comparison of OCD and controls groups both including medicated patients with history of depression allowed us to better localize group differences to the presence of OCD instead of depression or medication effects”
The paper relies on this without support.
OCD involves attributing pathological levels of importance to simple behavioral errors or perceived errors.
“particularly relevant for a disorder where pathological levels of importance are attributed to simple behavioral errors (or perceived errors).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little prior work has investigated how the emotional or motivational significance of errors affects OCD.
“Despite the fact that OCD patients show alterations in motivational brain systems, little work has investigated the impact of the emotional/motivational significance of errors in OCD”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The results appear inconsistent with reports of an overactive monitoring system in OCD.
“Seemingly, the results appear inconsistent with reports of an overactive monitoring system in OCD (Gehring et al. 2000; Stern et al. 2011).”
From Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task (2013) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
Neural hyperactivations associated with errors in OCD, in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula/frontal operculum, are even greater when errors are linked to monetary loss.
“This is consistent with the finding that neural hyperactivations associated with errors in OCD, in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula/frontal operculum, are even greater when the errors are associated with monetary loss (Stern et al. 2011).”
From Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task (2013) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
The pallidum is involved in habitual behavior and learning.
“The pallidum is involved in habitual behavior and learning(78,79).”
From Functional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Development of anterior cingulate cortex cognitive control function depends not only on maturation of its connections within frontal-striatal-thalamic circuitry but also on its role within other brain networks such as the cingulopercular network.
“However, the development of ACC cognitive control function depends not only on the maturation of its connections within FSTC, but also on its role within other brain networks (e.g., cingulopercular network for task control13) implicated in both pediatric9 and adult28 OCD.”
From Developmental alterations of frontal-striatal-thalamic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
Exaggerated responses to errors are a consistent finding in OCD, with prior studies showing overactivation of frontal responses to error processing in OCD in both fMRI research and EEG error-related negativity studies.
“Furthermore, exaggerated responses to errors are a consistent finding in OCD, with a number of prior studies showing an overactivation of frontal responses to error processing in OCD in both fMRI research (Stern et al. 2011; Ursu et al. 2003) and EEG error-related negativity studies (Gillan et al. 2017; Mathews et al. 2012).”
From Dopaminergic drug treatment remediates exaggerated cingulate prediction error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Stern et al. 2011
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(31.7) = 1.8reported p = .078 · recomputed p = .081
“t (31.7) = 1.8, p = .078”
- ConsistentF(1, 73) = 5.8reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .019
“F (1,73) = 5.8, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 73) = 3.3reported p = .075 · recomputed p = .073
“F (1,73) = 3.3, p = .075”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913 · see citing works
<i>The Brain's Default Network</i>: <i>Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease</i>
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761 · see citing works
The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, Use, and Reliability
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007 · Cited by 7,712 · see citing works
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351 · see citing works
How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657 · see citing works
(2005) · Cited by 5,977 · see citing works
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
Yudofsky, S. C., & Hales, R. E. (1992) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.4.4.359 · Cited by 3,818 · see citing works
Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Bechara, A. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 · Cited by 3,589 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI
Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087 · Cited by 3,502 · see citing works
Self-citationAnterior Cingulate Cortex, Error Detection, and the Online Monitoring of Performance
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.747 · Cited by 3,273 · see citing works
Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071043098 · Cited by 2,997 · see citing works
Sridharan, D., Levitin, D. J., & Menon, V. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0800005105 · Cited by 2,892 · see citing works
Functional-anatomic fractionation of the brain’s default network
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Reidler, J. S., Sepulcre, J., Poulin, R., & Buckner, R. L. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.005 · Cited by 2,767 · see citing works
The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: Measures of internal consistency
Kim, S. W., Dysken, M. W., Pheley, A. M., & Hoover, K. M. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90039-6 · Cited by 2,361 · see citing works
Large-scale brain networks in cognition: emerging methods and principles
Bressler, S. L., & Menon, V. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.004 · Cited by 2,348 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components
(2011) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195374148.001.0001 · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
KRINGELBACH, M. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.006 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
Self-Control in Decision-Making Involves Modulation of the vmPFC Valuation System
Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F., & Rangel, A. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1168450 · Cited by 1,928 · see citing works
Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex
Shulman, G. L., Fiez, J. A., Corbetta, M., Buckner, R. L., Miezin, F. M., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.5.648 · Cited by 1,890 · see citing works
A Core System for the Implementation of Task Sets
Dosenbach, N. U. F., Visscher, K. M., Palmer, E. D., Miezin, F. M., Wenger, K. K., Kang, H. C., Burgund, E. D., Grimes, A. L., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.031 · Cited by 1,772 · see citing works
Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: A systematic review
Broyd, S. J., Demanuele, C., Debener, S., Helps, S. K., James, C. J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.09.002 · Cited by 1,675 · see citing works
Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.042 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration
Critchley, H. D. (2005) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20749 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
Menzies, L., Chamberlain, S. R., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S. M., Sahakian, B. J., & Bullmore, E. T. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.09.005 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Beckmann, M., Johansen-Berg, H., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3328-08.2009 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk
Preuschoff, K., Quartz, S. R., & Bossaerts, P. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4286-07.2008 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Drevets, W. C., & Raichle, M. E. (1998) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379646 · Cited by 702 · see citing works
Action-Monitoring Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Gehring, W. J., Himle, J., & Nisenson, L. G. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00206 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Self-citationFox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Zacks, J. M., & Raichle, M. E. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1616 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making
Clark, L., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Aitken, M. R. F., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn066 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
O'Doherty, J., Critchley, H., Deichmann, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-21-07931.2003 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Fair, D. A., Schlaggar, B. L., Cohen, A. L., Miezin, F. M., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Wenger, K. K., Fox, M., Snyder, A. Z., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.051 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Failing to deactivate: Resting functional abnormalities in autism
Kennedy, D. P., Redcay, E., & Courchesne, E. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0600674103 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Whiteside, S. P., Port, J. D., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2004) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.07.001 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
An automatic valuation system in the human brain: Evidence from functional neuroimaging
Lebreton, M., Jorge, S., Michel, V., Thirion, B., & Pessiglione, M. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.040 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Neural correlates of individual ratings of emotional salience: A trial-related fMRI study
Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Ho, S.-H., Britton, J. C., & Liberzon, I. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.072 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Self-citationMohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0003-10.2010 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Gehring, W. J., Abelson, J. L., Himle, J. A., Liberzon, I., & Taylor, S. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.038 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Systems for Error Monitoring: Recent Findings and Theoretical Perspectives
Taylor, S. F., Stern, E. R., & Gehring, W. J. (2007) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858406298184 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationGrimm, S., Boesiger, P., Beck, J., Schuepbach, D., Bermpohl, F., Walter, M., Ernst, J., Hell, D., Boeker, H., & Northoff, G. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.81 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Obsessive-compulsive disorder as a disturbance of security motivation.
Szechtman, H., & Woody, E. (2004) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.111 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Ursu, S., Stenger, V. A., Shear, M. K., Jones, M. R., & Carter, C. S. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.24411 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Maltby, N., Tolin, D. F., Worhunsky, P., O'Keefe, T. M., & Kiehl, K. A. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.041 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
The Error-Related Negativity (ERN/Ne)
Gehring, W. J., Liu, Y., Orr, J. M., & Carp, J. (2011) · Oxford Handbooks Online · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195374148.013.0120 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citationError-related brain activity in obsessive-compulsive undergraduates
Hajcak, G., & Simons, R. F. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00034-3 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salvador, R., Sarró, S., Gomar, J., Vila, F., Martínez, Á., Guerrero, A., Ortiz-Gil, J., Sans-Sansa, B., Capdevila, A., et al. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003565 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
(1997) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.9.4.568 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: I. During cognitive task performance
Simpson, J. R., Snyder, A. Z., Gusnard, D. A., & Raichle, M. E. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.683 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Endrass, T., Klawohn, J., Schuster, F., & Kathmann, N. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.001 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Rotge, J.-Y., Guehl, D., Dilharreguy, B., Cuny, E., Tignol, J., Bioulac, B., Allard, M., Burbaud, P., & Aouizerate, B. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.0838 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
A cybernetic model of obsessive-compulsive psychopathology
Pitman, R. K. (1987) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(87)90070-8 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder in adults and children
Friedlander, L. J., & Desrocher, M. E. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.010 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Performance monitoring and error significance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Endrass, T., Schuermann, B., Kaufmann, C., Spielberg, R., Kniesche, R., & Kathmann, N. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Anticipation of emotionally aversive visual stimuli activates right insula
Simmons, A., Matthews, S. C., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2004) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200410050-00024 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Bouret, S., & Richmond, B. J. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0049-10.2010 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Roth, R. M., Saykin, A. J., Flashman, L. A., Pixley, H. S., West, J. D., & Mamourian, A. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.007 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Brain activation in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder during tasks of inhibitory control
Woolley, J., Heyman, I., Brammer, M., Frampton, I., McGuire, P. K., & Rubia, K. (2008) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036558 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Medial frontal cortex activity and loss-related responses to errors
Taylor, S. F., Martis, B., Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Abelson, J. L., Liberzon, I., Himle, J. A., & Gehring, W. J. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4709-05.2006 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationFitzgerald, K. D., Stern, E. R., Angstadt, M., Nicholson-Muth, K. C., Maynor, M. R., Welsh, R. C., Hanna, G. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.018 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional dissociation of the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortices in empathy for pain
Gu, X., Liu, X., Guise, K. G., Naidich, T. P., Hof, P. R., & Fan, J. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4844-09.2010 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Intolerance of uncertainty correlates with insula activation during affective ambiguity
Simmons, A., Matthews, S. C., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.10.030 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of inhibitory control in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Page, L. A., Rubia, K., Deeley, Q., Daly, E., Toal, F., Mataix-Cols, D., Giampietro, V., Schmitz, N., & Murphy, D. G. M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.05.002 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of autonomic regulation
Cechetto, D. F., & Shoemaker, J. K. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.024 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Chronic medication does not affect hyperactive error responses in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Stern, E. R., Liu, Y., Gehring, W. J., Lister, J. J., Yin, G., Zhang, J., Fitzgerald, K. D., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00988.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Y., Gu, H., Zhan, W., Xu, S., Silbersweig, D. A., & Stern, E. (2002) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.10196 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure–function relationships in the processing of regret in the orbitofrontal cortex
Sommer, T., Peters, J., Gläscher, J. P., & Büchel, C. (2009) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-009-0222-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 71 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: beyond segregated cortico-striatal pathways
Milad, M. R., & Rauch, S. L. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.003 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Milad, M. R., Furtak, S. C., Greenberg, J. L., Keshaviah, A., Im, J. J., Falkenstein, M. J., Jenike, M., Rauch, S. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.914 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Harmonizing the Neurobiology and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Goodman, W. K., Storch, E. A., & Sheth, S. A. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20111601 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Stern, E. R., Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036356 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“Many anxiety disorders [72], including OCD [8,9,73,74], are characterized by increased activation of anterior insula; as such, the hyper-connectivity between insula and DMN revealed by the current study may be more related to an anxiety phenotype than other psychopathologies, although direct comparisons between disord…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGoodman, W. K., Grice, D. E., Lapidus, K. A. B., & Coffey, B. J. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Norman, L. J., Taylor, S. F., Liu, Y., Radua, J., Chye, Y., De Wit, S. J., Huyser, C., Karahanoglu, F. I., Luks, T., Manoach, D., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.010 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Patients with OCD often show altered brain activation during erroneous and correct responses on inhibitory control tasks (3, 4).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationNeural basis of impaired safety signaling in obsessive compulsive disorder
Apergis-Schoute, A. M., Gillan, C. M., Fineberg, N. A., Fernandez-Egea, E., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1609194114 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Therefore, an aberrant vmPFC valuation system as demonstrated across several tasks in OCD (5, 17, 37) is of critical relevance to the maintenance of the disorder.”
MethodDevelopmental alterations of frontal-striatal-thalamic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Stern, E. R., Angstadt, M., Hanna, G. L., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.011 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationShin, D.-J., Jung, W. H., He, Y., Wang, J., Shim, G., Byun, M. S., Jang, J. H., Kim, S. N., Lee, T. Y., Park, H. Y., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.002 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“Previous studies suggested that the rvFC is involved in reorienting attention toward salient sensory stimuli (25) and in response to errors and that OCD patients showed greater activation in the region during error commission (57,58).”
BackgroundEng, G. K., Sim, K., & Chen, S.-H. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Specificity of performance monitoring changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Endrass, T., & Ullsperger, M. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.024 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Bress, J. N., Meyer, A. M., & Hajcak, G. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.814544 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Moreover, fMRI studies have found that OCD (Fitzgerald et al., 2005; Stern et al., 2011; Ursu, Stenger, Shear, Jones, & Carter, 2003) and high trait anxiety (Paulus, Feinstein, Simmons, & Stein, 2004) are associated with hyperactivation of neural circuits involved in error monitoring.”
BackgroundJung, W. H., Kang, D.-H., Kim, E., Shin, K. S., Jang, J. H., & Kwon, J. S. (2013) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.013 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“These studies generally use functional connectivity (FC) analysis that captures the temporal structure of resting-state or task-related network dynamics (Harrison et al., 2009; Sakai et al., 2011; Stern et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultFunctional mapping and effective connectivity of the human operculum
Mălîia, M. D., Donos, C., Barborică, A., Popa, I., Ciurea, J., Cinatti, S., & Mı̂ndruță, I. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.024 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ketamine normalizes subgenual cingulate cortex hyper-activity in depression
Morris, L. S., Costi, S., Tan, A., Stern, E. R., Charney, D. S., & Murrough, J. W. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0591-5 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationSubjective uncertainty and limbic hyperactivation in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Gonzalez, R., Fitzgerald, K. D., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22038 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“…greater activation of pMFC and aI/fO, as well as a failure to deactivate VMPFC, in response to errors in patients with OCD [Fitzgerald et al., 2005, 2010; Maltby et al., 2005; Stern et al., 2011; Ursu et al., 2003], suggesting altered functioning in both the salience detection network and DMN.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationHauser, T. U., Iannaccone, R., Dolan, R. J., Ball, J., Hättenschwiler, J., Drechsler, R., Rufer, M., Brandeis, D., Walitza, S., & Brem, S. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716003305 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“There is relatively consistent evidence that areas involved in RPE processing, such as the ACC, vmPFC and striatum, are impaired in OCD patients (van den Heuvel et al. 2010; Stern et al. 2011; Brem et al. 2012, 2014; Becker et al. 2014; Grünblatt et al. 2014; Walitza et al. 2014; Hauser et al. 2016a).”
BackgroundCosti, S., Morris, L. S., Collins, A., Fernandez, N. F., Patel, M., Xie, H., Kim-Schulze, S., Stern, E. R., Collins, K. A., Cathomas, F., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01668-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The incentive flanker task (IFT) is a modification of the monetary incentive delay (MID) task [29].”
MethodSelf-citationPosner, J., Song, I., Lee, S., Rodriguez, C. I., Moore, H., Marsh, R., & Blair Simpson, H. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23408 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Likewise, whereas we did not detect significant differences between OCD and HC participants in their within SN connectivity, others have noted altered functioning of the SN in OCD [Stern et al., 2011].”
ResultFan, J., Zhong, M., Gan, J., Liu, W., Niu, C., Liao, H., Zhang, H., Yi, J., Chan, R. C. K., Tan, C., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.041 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A Unified Functional Network Target for Deep Brain Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Li, N., Hollunder, B., Baldermann, J. C., Kibleur, A., Treu, S., Akram, H., Al‐Fatly, B., Strange, B. A., Barcia, J. A., Zrinzo, L. U., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bu, X., Hu, X., Zhang, L., Li, B., Zhou, M., Lu, L., Hu, X., Li, H., Yang, Y., Tang, W., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0362-9 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Taylor, S. F., Ho, S.-H. S., Abagis, T. R., Angstadt, M., Maixner, D. F., Welsh, R. C., & Hernández-García, L. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.019 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationFear conditioning and extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review
Cooper, S. E., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.026 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Costi, S., Morris, L. S., Kirkwood, K. A., Hoch, M., Corniquel, M. B., Vo‐Le, B., Iqbal, T., Chadha, N., Pizzagalli, D. A., Whitton, A. E., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20050653 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationPresupplementary Motor Area Contributes to Altered Error Monitoring in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Grützmann, R., Endraß, T., Kaufmann, C., Allen, E. A., Eichele, T., & Kathmann, N. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Manning, E. E., Dombrovski, A. Y., Torregrossa, M. M., & Ahmari, S. E. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0307-2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Rasgon, A., Lee, W. H., Leibu, E., Laird, A., Glahn, D., Goodman, W., & Frangou, S. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.08.001 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Our findings of increased likelihood of activation in the precuneus/PCC during goal-directed cognition can be interpreted as evidence of increased self-referential processing in patients with OCD which may impair their ability to switch their attention to externally-focused tasks [68,69].”
BackgroundWelsh, R. C., Jelsone-Swain, L. M., & Foerster, B. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00251 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationReinecke, A., Thilo, K., Filippini, N., Croft, A., & Harmer, C. J. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.07.017 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“…a range of anxiety disorders, and it has been shown to reduce through the course of CBT (Ball et al., 2012; Etkin & Wager, 2007; Goossens, Sunaert, Peeters, Griez, & Schruers, 2007; Klumpp et al., 2013; Sakamoto et al., 2005; Schienle, Schafer, Hermann, Rohrmann, & Vaitl, 2007; Stern et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBenedetti, F., Giacosa, C., Radaelli, D., Poletti, S., Pozzi, E., Dallaspezia, S., Falini, A., & Smeraldi, E. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.002 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…among fronto-striatal structures in resting conditions (Sakai et al., 2010) and in response to tasks that elicit emotional/motivational responses (Stern et al., 2011), or mixed pictures of increased and decreased connectivity among different brain structures (Harrison et al., 2009; Jang et al.,…”
State of belief, subjective certainty and bliss as a product of cortical dysfunction
Picard, F. (2013) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“In an error-eliciting interference task, OCD patients showed greater activation in left anterior insula and frontal operculum across all errors (Stern et al., 2011).”
Del Casale, A., Rapinesi, C., Kotzalidis, G. D., De Rossi, P., Curto, M., Janiri, D., Criscuolo, S., Alessi, M. C., Ferri, V. R., De Giorgi, R., et al. (2016) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1102323 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…et al. 2008; Henseler et al. 2008; Nabeyama et al. 2008; Jung et al. 2009,2011; Page et al. 2009; Schlosser et al. 2010; Freyer et al. 2011; Koçak et al. 2011; Stern et al. 2011; Choi et al. 2012; Harrison et al. 2012; Koch et al. 2012; Woon et al. 2012; Kaufmann et al. 2013; Becker et al. 2014).”
MethodFitzgerald, K. D., Schroder, H. S., & Marsh, R. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.012 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationFitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Hanna, G. L., Monk, C. S., Phan, K. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.002 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationBrennan, B. P., Tkachenko, O. N., Schwab, Z. J., Juelich, R. J., Ryan, E., Athey, A. J., Pope, H. G., Jenike, M. A., Baker, J. T., Killgore, W. D. S., et al. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.36 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…hyperactivity (primarily a failure to deactivate) among DMN brain regions, particularly ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and rACC, in response to cognitive paradigms examining uncertainty (Stern et al, 2013) and response to errors (Fitzgerald et al, 2005, 2010; Stern et al, 2011).”
BackgroundPatterns of default mode network deactivation in obsessive compulsive disorder
Gonçalves, Ó. F., Soares, J. M., Carvalho, S., Leite, J., Ganho-Ávila, A., Fernandes-Gonçalves, A., Pocinho, F., Carracedo, A., & Sampaio, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep44468 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Murray, G. K., Knolle, F., Ersche, K. D., Craig, K. J., Abbott, S., Shabbir, S. S., Fineberg, N. A., Suckling, J., Sahakian, B. J., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05292-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Fan, J., Zhong, M., Zhu, X., Gan, J., Liu, W., Niu, C., Liao, H., Zhang, H., Yi, J., & Tan, C. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Multimodal Investigations of Reward Circuitry and Anhedonia in Adolescent Depression
Ely, B. A., Nguyen, T. N. B., Tobe, R. H., Walker, A., & Gabbay, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.678709 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Frontiers in Psychiatry | www.frontiersin.org 7 July 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 678709 Compared to other reward paradigms such as the Incentive Flanker and Monetary Incentive Delay, the RFT has several novel features.”
MethodZhu, Y., Fan, Q., Zhang, H., Qiu, J., Tan, L., Xiao, Z., Tong, S., Chen, J., & Li, Y. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0806-9 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“As a part of salience network, insula was involved in motivation and emotion processing, which played an important role in signaling homeostatic salient events [14].”
BackgroundHyperconnectivity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Apergis-Schoute, A. M., Bijleveld, B., Gillan, C. M., Fineberg, N. A., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2018) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212818808710 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Patients with OCD have shown to exhibit reduced deactivation of the vmPFC during error processing (Stern et al., 2011) and an absence of vmPFC safety signalling in OCD patients during differential threat learning and reversal was found to be predictive of a failure to learn that a previously…”
BackgroundInfluentialBellato, A., Norman, L., Idrees, I., Ogawa, C. Y., Waitt, A., Zuccolo, P. F., Tye, C., Radua, J., Groom, M. J., & Shephard, E. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.018 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Liu, J., Bu, X., Hu, X., Li, H., Cao, L., Gao, Y., Liang, K., Zhang, L., Lu, L., Hu, X., et al. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25465 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“deactivate this default mode network region (Stern et al., 2011), perhaps reflecting an inability of patients to disengage from automatic evaluative processes when errors occur (Bu et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSpalletta, G., Piras, F., Fagioli, S., Caltagirone, C., & Piras, F. (2014) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.212 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“For example, emerging work suggests that a region comprising the frontal operculum and the anterior insula, is a key structure in an extended network (comprising also the medial frontal cortex, the dorsal ACC and the OFC) for evaluating the emotional/motivational salience of errors (Ullsperger et al. 2010; Stern et al…”
BackgroundFunctional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Sha, Z., Edmiston, E. K., Versace, A., Fournier, J. C., Graur, S., Greenberg, T., Lima Santos, J. P., Chase, H. W., Stiffler, R. S., Bonar, L., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Others report elevated FPN-thalamic connectivity(17,77) and thalamic global connectivity in OCD(34).”
BackgroundResultde Avila, R. C. S., do Nascimento, L. G., Porto, R. L. D. M., Fontenelle, L. F., Miguel, E. C., Brakoulias, V., & Ferrão, Y. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00413 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Thus, obsessions (intrusive thoughts) could be a consequence of the hyperactivity of this circuit (78), and this “hyperactivation” can be stimulated or facilitated by intersections with structures of other neurocircuits.”
BackgroundStern, E. R., Muratore, A. F., Taylor, S. F., Abelson, J. L., Hof, P. R., & Goodman, W. K. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.08.006 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationKlawohn, J., Riesel, A., Grützmann, R., Kathmann, N., & Endrass, T. (2014) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0248-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“This is in line with findings of Stern et al. (2011), who found patients with OCD more strongly flustered and frustrated by errors.”
Systematic review of co-occurring OCD and TD: Evidence for a tic-related OCD subtype?
Kloft, L., Steinel, T., & Kathmann, N. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.021 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Independent component analysis of resting state activity in pediatric obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Gruner, P., Vo, A., Árgyelán, M., Ikuta, T., Degnan, A. J., John, M., Peters, B. D., Malhotra, A. K., Uluğ, A. M., & Szeszko, P. R. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22551 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“associated compulsive behaviors that they engage in to reduce these threats [Stern et al., 2011].”
BackgroundAgam, Y., Greenberg, J. L., Isom, M., Falkenstein, M. J., Jenike, E., Wilhelm, S., & Manoach, D. S. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Methodological differences may have also contributed to the apparent discrepancy with prior findings of enhanced error-related ACC activation in OCD (Fitzgerald et al., 2005, 2010; Maltby et al., 2005; Stern et al., 2011; Ursu et al., 2003).”
InfluentialMorein-Zamir, S., Papmeyer, M., Gillan, C. M., Crockett, M. J., Fineberg, N. A., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001018 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Norman, L. J., Mannella, K. A., Yang, H., Angstadt, M., Abelson, J. L., Himle, J. A., Fitzgerald, K. D., & Taylor, S. F. (2020) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19080886 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationNorman, L. J., Carlisi, C. O., Christakou, A., Cubillo, A., Murphy, C. M., Chantiluke, K. C., Simmons, A., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Mataix‐Cols, D., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.013 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Jones, R., & Bhattacharya, J. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.11.008 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Moreover, evidence suggests that OCDpatients have alterations in the functional relationship between the DMN and the more ‘task positive’ networks, such as the fronto-parietal network, so that the DMN does not ‘switch off’ during task processing as would normally be expected (Stern et al., 2011).”
Neural Circuitry of Interoception: New Insights into Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Stern, E. R. (2014) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-014-0019-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationBerman, B. D., Horovitz, S. G., & Hallett, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00638 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…such as Tourette syndrome (Bohlhalter et al., 2006; Lerner et al., 2007; Fahim et al., 2009), obsessive–compulsive disorder (Nishida et al., 2011; Stern et al., 2011), eating disorders (Kim et al., 2012; Lawson et al., 2012), and post-traumatic stress disorder (Nagai et al., 2007; Herringa et…”
BackgroundAltered reward-related effective connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an fMRI study
Alves-Pinto, A., Rus, O. G., Reeß, T. J., Wohlschläger, A. M., Wagner, G., Berberich, G., & Koch, K. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.180195 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cognitive Neuroscience of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Stern, E. R., & Taylor, S. F. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAoki, Y. Y., Aoki, A., & Suwa, H. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.78 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bradley, K., Case, J. A. C., Freed, R. D., Stern, E. R., & Gabbay, V. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.042 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Building on prior work (Stern et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2006), we developed the Reward Flanker Task (RFT) based on a combination of the common MID (Knutson et al., 2000) and Flanker (Eriksen and Eriksen, 1974) tasks, where monetary cues designate the reward value of correct responses to upcoming…”
Self-citationError-related functional connectivity of the thalamus in cocaine dependence
Zhang, S., Hu, S., Bednarski, S. R., Erdman, E., & Li, C.-S. R. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.01.015 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Together, these findings suggest that increased thalamic-vmPFC connectivity may be associated with diminished saliency-elicited self control in chronic cocaine users, consistent with an integral role of this circuitry in interference resolution (Hare et al., 2009; Hermann et al., 2009; Lamm and Lewis, 2010; Roy et al.…”
Liu, Q., Gao, F., Wang, X., Xia, J., Yuan, G., Zheng, S., Zhong, M., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26457 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Perera, M. P. N., Gotsis, E. S., Bailey, N. W., Fitzgibbon, B. M., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae327 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This finding suggests that individuals with OCD struggle to disengage from self-evaluative processes following errors, impeding their ability to redirect attention effectively to the task-at-hand (Stern et al. 2011).”
BackgroundYan, H., Shan, X., Li, H., Liu, F., & Guo, W. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.125 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Subirà, M., Cano, M., de Wit, S. J., Alonso, P., Cardoner, N., Hoexter, M. Q., Kwon, J. S., Nakamae, T., Löchner, C., Sato, J. R., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.150012 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Although the vmPFC has been characterized as hypoactive at rest in OCD populations, 20 perhaps owing to difficulties in fear extinction, 55 hyperactivation of this region has been reported in response to error processing, 56 uncertainty 57 and moral di lemma.”
Giménez, M., Guinea-Izquierdo, A., Villalta‐Gil, V., Martínez‐Zalacaín, I., Segalàs, C., Subirà, M., Real, E., Pujol, J., Harrison, B. J., Haro, J. M., et al. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9601-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bernstein, G. A., Cullen, K. R., Harris, E. C., Conelea, C. A., Zagoloff, A. D., Carstedt, P. A., Lee, S. S., & Mueller, B. A. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.897 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Weidt, S., Lutz, J., Rufer, M., Delsignore, A., Jakob, N. J., Herwig, U., & Bruehl, A. B. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002998 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…to Veltman et al. 2003: diameter 15 mm, 1791 mm3, centre x, y, z = 42/−42, 10, 34), anterior insula (according to Greenberg et al. 2015: diameter 15 mm, 1791 mm3, centre x, y, z = 34/−34, 13, 4), and VMPFC/OFC (according to Stern et al. 2011: diameter 20 mm, 4169 mm3, centre x, y, z = 0, 44, −2).”
Tikoo, S., Cardona, F., Tommasin, S., Giannì, C., Conte, G., Upadhyay, N., Mirabella, G., Suppa, A., & Pantano, P. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Phenomenology of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Tourette Syndrome
Ferrão, Y. A., de Alvarenga, P. G., Hounie, A. G., de Mathis, M. A., do Rosário, M. C., & Miguel, E. C. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199796267.003.0003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Hanna, G. L., Carrasco, M., Gehring, W. J., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22240 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“For instance, functional neuroimaging research in OCD shows increased error-related brain responses in a network of regions including the pMFC [Ursu et al., 2003], insula, and orbital frontal cortex [Stern et al., 2011].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationModirrousta, M., Meek, B. P., Sareen, J., & Enns, M. W. (2015) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0205-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging studies have revealed that neural activations in a network that responds to error commission in healthy people functions abnormally in OCD patients [9–11].”
BackgroundJenkins, L. M., Stange, J. P., Bessette, K. L., Chang, Y.-S., Corwin, S. D., Skerrett, K. A., Patrón, V. G., Zubieta, J., Crane, N. A., Passarotti, A. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.082 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For example, individuals with OCD show hyperactivation of the SEN, including ventromedial PFC and anterior insula, during an interference task (Stern et al., 2011), although these regions may extend beyond SEN and into error-monitoring regions.”
BackgroundLarge-Scale Network Coupling with the Fusiform Cortex Facilitates Future Social Motivation
Utevsky, A. V., Smith, D. V., Young, J. S., & Huettel, S. A. (2017) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0084-17.2017 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…in attention and reward processing, including autism spectrum disorder (Assaf et al., 2010; Young et al., 2015), obsessive compulsive disorder (Stern et al., 2011, 2012), and major depressive disorder (Sheline et al., 2009; Grimm et al., 2011), and so an improved understanding of how they…”
BackgroundVriend, C., de Wit, S. J., Remijnse, P. L., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Veltman, D. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.12.006 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Development of Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex Function in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., Liu, Y., Johnson, T. D., Moser, J. S., Marsh, R., Hanna, G. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.02.016 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In addition, we sought to clarify whether performance monitoring function related to symptom severity in young patients, as this has not been the case in adults.(10,11,13,17) Finally, we capitalized on our large sample of youth with OCD to explore the effects of medication status on activation.”
Self-citationCortico-Striato-Thalamo-Cortical Circuitry, Working Memory, and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Baojuan Li, A., & Mody, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00078 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“org May 2016 | Volume 7 | Article 78 findings from previous studies that have reported hyperactivation or hyperconnectivity of regions in the CSTC circuits in OCD subjects during an “incentive flanker task” (8) and at rest (9–11).”
BackgroundMagioncalda, P., Martino, M., Ely, B. A., Inglese, M., & Stern, E. R. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.442 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…in internally focused future thought and imagination (Buckner et al. 2008), and previous work by our group and others have reported abnormal functioning of DMN regions during fMRI tasks in OCD (Fitzgerald et al. 2005; Stern et al. 2011, 2012, 2013; Harrison et al. 2012; Milad et al. 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhu, C., Yu, F., Ye, R., Chen, X., Dong, Y., Li, D., Zhang, L., Li, D., & Wang, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090874 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Consistent with other studies [74,79], our current work also documented that SOC subjects displayed more aPFC (the joint part of the frontal pole cortex and the OFC, BA10/11) hyperactivation compared with LOC subjects under the loss condition, a finding revealed using sLORETA during the FRN time window.”
ResultKoh, M. J., Seol, J., Kang, J. I., Kim, B. S., Namkoong, K., Chang, J. W., & Kim, S. J. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Doubt in the Insula: Risk Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Luigjes, J., Figee, M., Tobler, P. N., van den Brink, W., de Kwaasteniet, B. P., van Wingen, G. A., & Denys, D. A. J. P. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00283 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Defining Brain-Based OCD Patient Profiles Using Task-Based fMRI and Unsupervised Machine Learning
Nadai, A. S. D., Fitzgerald, K. D., Norman, L. J., Block, S. R., Mannella, K. A., Himle, J. A., & Taylor, S. F. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.086 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacological Treatments for Anhedonia
Klein, M. E., Grice, A. B., Sheth, S., Go, M., & Murrough, J. W. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_357 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Error-processing abnormalities in pediatric anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders
Fitzgerald, K. D., & Taylor, S. F. (2015) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852915000036 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Functional neuroimaging research has provided important data about possible neural substrates of the ERN in particular, and error processing in general, that can inform theory linking this psychological function to anxiety and OCD.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKim, S., Jung, W. H., Kim, S. N., Jang, J. H., & Kwon, J. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00302 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Funch Uhre, V., Melissa Larsen, K., Marc Herz, D., Baaré, W., Katrine Pagsberg, A., & Roman Siebner, H. (2022) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103268 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Thirty-four articles were excluded based on our pre-defined criteria, of which 9 articles were excluded solely because they did not find significant case-control differences for the appropriate task contrast (Fitzgerald et al., 2018; Fitzgerald et al., 2013; Gooskens et al., 2019; Hollestein et al., 2021; Hough et al.…”
Lee, S. W., Cha, H., Chung, Y., Kim, E., Song, H., Chang, Y., & Lee, S. J. (2019) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22933 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“FDR, false discovery rate DMN suppression are observed in patients with OCD (Goncalves et al., 2017; Stern et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrain functional connectivity during induced sadness in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Fontenelle, L. F., Harrison, B. J., Pujol, J., Davey, C. G., Fornito, A., Bora, E., Pantelis, C., & Yücel, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110074 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“9) [25–47] 34.”
Mind over matter: the microbial mindscapes of psychedelics and the gut-brain axis
Caspani, G., Ruffell, S., Tsang, W., Netzband, N., Rohani-Shukla, C., Swann, J. R., & Jefferies, W. A. (2024) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107338 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Research has implicated abnormalities in DMN functional connectivity in psychiatric disorders, like depression [107,15,165,75,85], anxiety [3], OCD [171, 69,99], PTSD [2,45], attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD, [168,58]), schizophrenia [103,199,78,100], and AN [110,125,34,41].”
The prefrontal cortex and neurosurgical treatment for intractable OCD
Rasmussen, S. A., & Goodman, W. K. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01149-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, W., Hua, M., Qin, J., Tang, Q., Han, Y., Tian, H., Lian, D., Zhang, Z., Wang, W., Wang, C., et al. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00333-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…is from task-based effective connectivity (EC) studies using fMRI,which demonstrated disruption in EC among brain regions involved in particular tasks such as finger-tapping (Stern et al. 2011), emotion processing (de Wit et al. 2015), and working memory (Han et al. 2016; Sladky et al. 2015).”
BackgroundReinecke, A., & Harmer, C. (2016) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.035113 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“, 2005), insula (Ball et al., 2012; Etkin & Wager, 2007; Kilts et al., 2006; Klumpp, Angstadt, & Phan, 2012; Klumpp, Fitzgerald, & Phan, 2013; Sakamoto et al., 2005; Stern et al., 2011; Straube, Glauer, et al., 2006; Straube et al., 2005), and occipital cortex (Daniels et al.”
Becker, H. C., Norman, L. J., Yang, H., Monk, C. S., Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Liu, Y., Mannella, K. A., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721003044 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…adult patients with OCD, regions of the DMN have been shown to deactivate to a lesser degree during externally oriented tasks (Brennan et al., 2015; Stern et al., 2011, 2012), to have reduced connectivity with each other (Fitzgerald et al., 2010; Peng et al., 2014), and in some instances, display…”
BackgroundSelf-citationHoven, M., Mulder, T., Denys, D. A. J. P., van Holst, R. J., & Luigjes, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/37nad · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Ely, B. A., Stern, E. R., Xu, J., Kim, J.-W., Pick, D., Alonso, C. M., & Gabbay, V. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103258 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“To further elucidate the neural underpinnings of distinct reward processes in youth, our group developed the reward flanker task (RFT; Bradley et al., 2017; Stern et al., 2011; Taylor et al., 2006).”
MethodSelf-citationFerreira, S., Moreira, P. S., Magalhães, R. J. D. S., Coelho, A., Marques, P., Portugal‐Nunes, C., Silva, C., Sousa, N., & Morgado, P. F. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Grützmann, R., Kaufmann, C., Wudarczyk, O. A., Balzus, L., Klawohn, J., Riesel, A., Bey, K., Wagner, M., Heinzel, S., & Kathmann, N. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.07.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This is in line with reports of increased harm avoidance and perfectionism in OCD (20,63–66) and supports the assumption that patients with OCD exhibit increased affective responses to errors (18,29).”
BackgroundResultMorris, L. S., Costi, S., Hameed, S., Collins, K. A., Stern, E. R., Chowdhury, A., Morel, C., Salas, R., Iosifescu, D. V., Han, M., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02957-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Stern, E. R., Welsh, R. C., Fitzgerald, K. D., Gehring, W. J., Lister, J. J., Himle, J. A., Abelson, J. L., & Taylor, S. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stern, Emily R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 583-591
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3059508
- OpenAlex
- W2054985367
- Semantic Scholar
- 3c45733ffd6c107fa72452ee11089962ddd55179
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH071821, K23MH082176, F32 MH082573)
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive disorder, error processing, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, frontal operculum, functional connectivity, financial incentives, motivational context, thalamus
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Cerebral Cortex, Cues, Emotions, Feedback, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motivation, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Photic Stimulation, Severity of Illness Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-04.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-04.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
