Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of Emotional Word Encoding and Recognition in Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder are among the most prevalent and frequently co-occurring psychiatric disorders in adults and may be characterized by a common deficiency in processing of emotional information.Methods We used functional magnetic resonance imaging during the performance of an emotional word encoding and recognition paradigm in patients with MDD (n = 51), comorbid MDD and anxiety (n = 59), panic disorder and/or social anxiety disorder without comorbid MDD (n = 56), and control subjects (n = 49). In addition, we studied effects of illness severity, regional brain volume, and antidepressant use.Results Patients with MDD, prevalent anxiety disorders, or both showed a common hyporesponse in the right hippocampus during positive (>neutral) word encoding compared with control subjects. During negative encoding, increased insular activation was observed in both depressed groups (MDD and MDD + anxiety), whereas increased amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex activation during positive word encoding were observed as depressive state-dependent effects in MDD only. During recognition, anxiety patients showed increased inferior frontal gyrus activation. Overall, effects were unaffected by medication use and regional brain volume.Conclusions Hippocampal blunting during positive word encoding is a generic effect in depression and anxiety disorders, which may constitute a common vulnerability factor. Increased insular and amygdalar involvement during negative word encoding may underlie heightened experience of, and an inability to disengage from, negative emotions in depressive disorders. Our results emphasize a common neurobiological deficiency in both MDD and anxiety disorders, which may mark a general insensitiveness to positive information.
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Depression and anxiety in humans result in part from hypo-activation and reduced volume of frontal cortical and hippocampal regions that control subcortical structures such as NAc and amygdala, although hyper-activation of certain PFC regions is also involved.
“Numerous studies suggest that depression and anxiety in humans result in part from hypo–activation and reduced volume of frontal cortical and hipppocampal regions that control subcortical structures such as nucleus accumbens (NAc) and amygdala, although hyper–activation of certain PFC regions (e.g., subgenual area of anterior cingulate cortex) is also involved58–61.”
From Neurobiology of resilience (2012) · cites this paper as [61]
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- Authors
- van Tol, M.-J., Demenescu, L. R., van der Wee, N. J. A., Kortekaas, R., Marjan M.A., N., Boer, J. A. D., Renken, R. J., van Buchem, M. A., Zitman, F. G., Aleman, A., & Veltman, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 593-602
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2103406867
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 13.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (10-000-1002)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, emotional word recognition, insula, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, comorbidities, negative emotion processing, state-dependent effects, antidepressant use, regional brain volume
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Severity of Illness Index, Case-Control Studies, Panic Disorder, Recognition, Psychology, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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