Peripheral and central proinflammatory cytokine response to a severe acute stressor
Abstract
The role of proinflammatory cytokines in the response to acute stressor exposure has received recent attention. Exposure to a single session of inescapable shock (IS) induces peripheral and central proinflammatory cytokines. Other stressors also increase expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA and/or protein in various tissues. However, the induction of central and peripheral proinflammatory cytokines by stressors remains controversial and the pattern of cytokine induction is not consistent across stressors. The present experiments sought to examine the pattern of the proinflammatory cytokine response to a stressor known to cause elevations of IL-1beta protein. mRNA expression for three proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6, and IL-1beta protein was examined after IS. IS increases IL-1beta mRNA and/or protein in a variety of tissues, including hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary and spleen. Furthermore, IS concomitantly alters IL-1beta mRNA and protein in hypothalamus and spleen, while the IL-1beta mRNA increase in pituitary lags behind the increase of IL-1beta protein. Interestingly, IL-1beta mRNA is elevated in hippocampus 4 h after IS, but an increase of IL-1beta protein in hippocampus is not detected. Expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA do not increase in response to IS. Indeed, TNF-alpha mRNA expression decreases in cortex, pituitary and liver immediately after IS. These findings suggest that alterations of proinflammatory cytokine expression by stressors, and IS in particular, are region- and cytokine-specific.
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In response to a traumatic event, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) axes are activated, and proinflammatory cytokines are released in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS).
“In response to a traumatic event, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) axes are activated, and proinflammatory cytokines are released in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS).(10)”
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- Authors
- O'Connor, K. A., Johnson, J. D., Hansen, M. K., Wieseler Frank, J. L., Maksimova, E., Watkins, L. R., & Maier, S. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- O'Connor, Kevin A
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 991
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 123-132
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093539486
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh045045-12, 5r01mh055283-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 01558, MH55283, MH-00314, MH-45045)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- inflammatory cytokines, acute stress, inescapable shock, IL-1β, TNF-α, interleukin-6, hypothalamus, hippocampus, pituitary gland, spleen, stress-induced inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Electroshock, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Interleukin-1, Male, RNA, Messenger, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, Gene Expression, Cytokines, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Peripheral Nervous System, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rats
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