Cited by 368Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 160 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Noradrenergic modulation of arousal

Open access

Berridge, Craig W.·2008·Brain Research Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.013PMC PMC2517224

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Through a highly divergent efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. State-dependent neuronal discharge activity of locus coeruleus neurons has long-suggested a role of this system in the induction of an alert waking state. More recent work supports this hypothesis, demonstrating robust wake-promoting actions of the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system. Norepinephrine enhances arousal, in part, via actions of beta- and alpha1-receptors located within multiple subcortical structures, including the general regions of the medial septal area and the medial preoptic areas. Recent anatomical studies suggest that arousal-enhancing actions of norepinephrine are not limited to the locus coeruleus system and likely include the A1 and A2 noradrenergic cell groups. Thus, noradrenergic modulation of arousal state involves multiple noradrenergic systems acting within multiple subcortical regions. Pharmacological studies indicate that the combined actions of these systems are necessary for the sustained maintenance of arousal levels associated with spontaneous waking. Enhanced arousal state is a prominent aspect of both stress and psychostimulant drug action and evidence indicates that noradrenergic systems likely play an important role in both stress-related and psychostimulant-induced arousal. These and other observations suggest that the dysregulation of noradrenergic neurotransmission could well co…

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.013

Cites

160 of 160 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation
Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908) · Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology · doi:10.1002/cne.920180503 · Cited by 6,911
An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance
Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 · Cited by 4,472
Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG
Moruzzi, G., & Magoun, H. W. (1949) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(49)90219-9 · Cited by 4,307
Memory - A century of consolidation
McGaugh, J. L. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5451.248 · Cited by 4,250
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
Saper, C. B., Scammell, T. E., & Lu, J. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04284 · Cited by 2,804
The locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes
Berridge, C. W., & Waterhouse, B. D. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00143-7 · Cited by 2,529
Self-citation
THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME AND THE DISEASES OF ADAPTATION1
Selye, H. (1946) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-6-2-117 · Cited by 2,296
Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle
Aston-Jones, G., & Bloom, F. (1981) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.01-08-00876.1981 · Cited by 1,960
Nucleus locus ceruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity
Foote, S. L., Bloom, F. E., & Aston-Jones, G. (1983) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.3.844 · Cited by 1,901
An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferet connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat
Swanson, L. W., & Cowan, W. M. (1977) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901720104 · Cited by 1,571
Cellular bases of hippocampal EEG in the behaving rat
Buzsáki, G., Leung Lai-Wo, S., & Vanderwolf, C. H. (1983) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(83)90037-1 · Cited by 1,397
Sleep and arousal: thalamocortical mechanisms
McCormick, D. A., & Bal, T. (1997) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.20.1.185 · Cited by 1,267
Sleep Cycle Oscillation: Reciprocal Discharge by Two Brainstem Neuronal Groups
Hobson, J. A., McCarley, R. W., & Wyzinski, P. (1975) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1094539 · Cited by 1,238
The connections of the septal region in the rat
Swanson, L. W., & Cowan, W. M. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901860408 · Cited by 1,136
The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle
Jouvet, M. (1972) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-05462-6_2 · Cited by 1,100
Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat
Buzsáki, G., Bickford, R. G., Ponomareff, G., Thal, L. J., Mandel, R. J., & Gage, F. H. (1988) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.08-11-04007.1988 · Cited by 1,039
Neurobiology of Executive Functions: Catecholamine Influences on Prefrontal Cortical Functions
Arnsten, A. F. T., & Li, B.-M. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019 · Cited by 948
Impulse activity of locus coeruleus neurons in awake rats and monkeys is a function of sensory stimulation and arousal
Foote, S. L., Aston-Jones, G., & Bloom, F. E. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.5.3033 · Cited by 857
The α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Dexmedetomidine Converges on an Endogenous Sleep-promoting Pathway to Exert Its Sedative Effects
Nelson, L. E., Lu, J., Guo, T., Saper, C. B., Franks, N. P., & Maze, M. (2003) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200302000-00024 · Cited by 854
Organization of cerebral cortical afferent systems in the rat. II. Magnocellular basal nucleus
Saper, C. B. (1984) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902220302 · Cited by 703
SLEEP AS A PROBLEM OF LOCALIZATION
von Economo, C. (1930) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-193003000-00001 · Cited by 691
THE EMERGENCY FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA IN PAIN AND THE MAJOR EMOTIONS
Cannon, W. (1914) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1914.33.2.356 · Cited by 644
A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal
Aston-Jones, G., Chen, S., Zhu, Y., & Oshinsky, M. L. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/89522 · Cited by 632
Extensive and divergent effects of sleep and wakefulness on brain gene expression
Cirelli, C., Gutierrez, C. M., & Tononi, G. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00814-6 · Cited by 627
Afferents to the orexin neurons of the rat brain
Yoshida-Court, K., McCormack, S. L., España, R. A., Crocker, A. J., & Scammell, T. E. (2005) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20859 · Cited by 592
Neurobiology of fear responses: the role of the amygdala
Davis, M. (1997) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.9.3.382 · Cited by 577
Cellular bases of neocortical activation: modulation of neural oscillations by the nucleus basalis and endogenous acetylcholine
Metherate, R., Cox, C. L., & Ashe, J. H. (1992) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.12-12-04701.1992 · Cited by 575
A Parallel Group Placebo Controlled Study of Prazosin for Trauma Nightmares and Sleep Disturbance in Combat Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Raskind, M. A., Peskind, E. R., Hoff, D. J., Hart, K. L., Holmes, H. A., Warren, D., Shofer, J. B., O’Connell, J., Taylor, F., Gross, C., et al. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.032 · Cited by 561
Normalization of extracellular dopamine in striatum following recovery from a partial unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the substantia nigra: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats
Robinson, T. E., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91560-0 · Cited by 520
Identification of sleep-promoting neurons in vitro
Gallopin, T., Fort, P., Eggermann, E., Cauli, B., Luppi, P.-H., Rossier, J., Audinat, E., Mühlethaler, M., & Serafin, M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35010109 · Cited by 504
Catecholamine regulation of the prefrontal cortex
Arnsten, A. F. T. (1997) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119701100208 · Cited by 493
Extrathalamic Modulation Of Cortical Function
Foote, S. L., & Morrison, J. (1987) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.10.030187.000435 · Cited by 489
Cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation of thalamocortical processing
McCormick, D. A. (1989) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90125-2 · Cited by 488
Cerebral Activity and Behavior: Control by Central Cholinergic and Serotonergic Systems
Vanderwolf, C. H. (1988) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60050-1 · Cited by 455
Efferent connections of the septal area in the rat: An analysis utilizing retrograde and anterograde transport methods
Meibach, R. C., & Siegel, A. (1977) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(77)90088-9 · Cited by 438
Efferent projections of nucleus locus coeruleus: Morphologic subpopulations have different efferent targets
Loughlin, S. E., Foote, S. L., & Grzanna, R. (1986) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(86)90156-9 · Cited by 437
Effects of locus coeruleus activation on electroencephalographic activity in neocortex and hippocampus
Berridge, C. W., & Foote, S. L. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-10-03135.1991 · Cited by 434
Self-citation
Noradrenaline and serotonin selectively modulate thalamic burst firing by enhancing a hyperpolarization-activated cation current
Pape, H., & McCormick, D. A. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/340715a0 · Cited by 429
Interaction between glucocorticoid hormones, stress and psychostimulant drugs*
Marinelli, M., & Piazza, P. V. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02089.x · Cited by 426
The hypocretins: Setting the arousal threshold
Sutcliffe, J. G., & de Lecea, L. (2002) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn808 · Cited by 416
Reticulo-cortical activity and behavior: A critique of the arousal theory and a new synthesis
Vanderwolf, C. H., & Robinson, T. E. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009869 · Cited by 412
Overlapping distributions of orexin/hypocretin‐ and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in rat brain regions mediating arousal, motivation, and stress
Baldo, B. A., Daniel, R. A., Berridge, C. W., & Kelley, A. E. (2003) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.10783 · Cited by 346
Self-citation
Lapse in alertness: coherence of fluctuations in performance and EEG spectrum
Makeig, S., & Inlow, M. H. (1993) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(93)90064-3 · Cited by 344
Phases and states of sleep in the rat
Timo-Iaria, C., Negrão, N., Schmidek, W. R., Hoshino, K., de Menezes, C. E. L., & Martinez, T. L. D. R. (1970) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(70)90162-9 · Cited by 320
Wake-promoting and sleep-suppressing actions of hypocretin (orexin): basal forebrain sites of action
España, R. A., Baldo, B. A., Kelley, A. E., & Berridge, C. W. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00319-0 · Cited by 311
Self-citation
Thalamic burst patterns in the naturally sleeping cat: a comparison between cortically projecting and reticularis neurones.
Domich, L., Oakson, G., & Steriade, M. (1986) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016262 · Cited by 275
Neuronal Gene Expression in the Waking State: A Role for the Locus Coeruleus
Cirelli, C., Pompeiano, M., & Tononi, G. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5290.1211 · Cited by 270
The Pharmacological Specificity of Beta-1 and Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptors in Rat Heart and Lung in Vitro
Minneman, K. P., Hegstrand, L. R., & Molinoff, P. B. (1979) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)11387-4 · Cited by 253
The effect of lesions of catecholamine-containing neurons upon monoamine content of the brain and EEG and behavioral waking in the cat
Jones, B. E., Bobillier, P., Pin, C., & Jouvet, M. (1973) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(73)90830-5 · Cited by 246
Activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by hemodynamic stress is due to local release of corticotropin-releasing factor
Valentino, R. J., Page, M. E., & Curtis, A. L. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90855-p · Cited by 246
Noradrenergic modulation of firing pattern in guinea pig and cat thalamic neurons, in vitro
McCormick, D. A., & Prince, D. A. (1988) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1988.59.3.978 · Cited by 243
Evidence that locus coeruleus is the site where clonidine and drugs acting at α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptors affect sleep and arousal mechanisms
Sarro, G. D., Ascioti, C., Froio, F. A., Libri, V., & Nisticò, G. (1987) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1987.tb11220.x · Cited by 242
Effects of locus coeruleus inactivation on electroencephalographic activity in neocortex and hippocampus
Berridge, C. W., Page, M. E., Valentino, R. J., & Foote, S. L. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90507-c · Cited by 214
Self-citation
Actions of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex and thalamus: implications for function of the central noradrenergic system
McCormick, D. A., Pape, H.-C., & Williamson, A. (1991) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63817-0 · Cited by 209
The effect of lesions of ascending noradrenaline pathways on sleep and waking in the rat
Lidbrink, P. (1974) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90109-7 · Cited by 203
Role of catecholamines in the modafinil and amphetamine induced wakefulness, a comparative pharmacological study in the cat
Lin, J., Roussel, B., Akaoka, H., Fort, P., Debilly, G., & Jouvet, M. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91713-o · Cited by 203
Lateral geniculate nucleus unitary discharge in sleep and waking: state- and rate-specific aspects
McCarley, R. W., Benoit, O., & Barrionuevo, G. (1983) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1983.50.4.798 · Cited by 202
Hypothalamic control of sleep
Szymusiak, R. S., Gvilia, I., & McGinty, D. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.013 · Cited by 200
Changes in striatal dopamine neurotransmission assessed with microdialysis following recovery from a bilateral 6-OHDA lesion: variation as a function of lesion size
Castañeda, E., Whishaw, I., & Robinson, T. E. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-06-01847.1990 · Cited by 192
Biochemical evidence for glutamate as a transmitter in hippocampal efferents to the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in the rat brain
Walaas, I., & Fonnum, F. (1980) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(80)90088-3 · Cited by 190
Circadian rhythm of histamine release from the hypothalamus of freely moving rats
Mochizuki, T., Yamatodani, A., Okakura, K., Horii, A., Inagaki, N., & Wada, H. (1992) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90157-w · Cited by 185
Serotonin selectively attenuates glutamate-evoked activation of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons
Aston‐Jones, G., Akaoka, H., Charléty, P. J., & Chouvet, G. (1991) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-03-00760.1991 · Cited by 180
Differential Modulation of High-Frequency γ-Electroencephalogram Activity and Sleep–Wake State by Noradrenaline and Serotonin Microinjections into the Region of Cholinergic Basalis Neurons
Cape, E. G., & Jones, B. E. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-07-02653.1998 · Cited by 179
The α1-Adrenergic Antagonist Prazosin Improves Sleep and Nightmares in Civilian Trauma Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Taylor, F., & Raskind, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200202000-00013 · Cited by 162
Abnormal regulation of corticopetal cholinergic neurons and impaired information processing in neuropsychiatric disorders
Sarter, M. F., & Bruno, J. P. (1999) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01289-2 · Cited by 161
Afferents to Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection Neurons: An Update
Záborszky, L., Cullinan, W. E., & Braun, A. (1991) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0145-6_2 · Cited by 156
Behavioural and biochemical effects of 2‐(2,6‐dichlorophenylamino)‐2‐imidazoline hydrochloride (St 155) on the central nervous system
Laverty, R., & Taylor, K. M. (1969) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb07984.x · Cited by 155
Enhancement of Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Indices of Waking following Stimulation of Noradrenergic β-Receptors within the Medial Septal Region of the Basal Forebrain
Berridge, C. W., & Foote, S. L. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-21-06999.1996 · Cited by 151
Self-citation
Stress‐Related Changes in Cerebral Catecholamine and Indoleamine Metabolism: Lack of Effect of Adrenalectomy and Corticosterone
Dunn, A. J. (1988) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01053.x · Cited by 145
Restoration of ascending noradrenergic projections by residual locus coeruleus neurons: Compensatory response to neurotoxin‐induced cell death in the adult rat brain
Fritschy, J., & Grzanna, R. (1992) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903210309 · Cited by 138
Circadian Regulation of Arousal: Role of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus System and Light Exposure
González, M. M. C., & Aston‐Jones, G. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.10.1327 · Cited by 134
Adrenergic receptors mediate changes in c-fos mRNA levels in brain
Gubits, R. M., Smith, T. M., Fairhurst, J. L., & Yu, H. H. (1989) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(89)90026-0 · Cited by 126
Partial injury to central noradrenergic neurons: reduction of tissue norepinephrine content is greater than reduction of extracellular norepinephrine measured by microdialysis
Abercrombie, E. D., & Zigmond, M. J. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-11-04062.1989 · Cited by 125
Noradrenergic Control of Thalamic Oscillation: the Role of α‐2 Receptors
Buzsáki, G., Kennedy, B., Solt, V. B., & Ziegler, M. (1991) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00083.x · Cited by 123
Compensatory changes in striatal dopamine neurons following recovery from injury induced by 6-OHDA or methamphetamine: A review of evidence from microdialysis studies.
Robinson, T. E., Castañeda, E., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1990) · Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0084241 · Cited by 121
Wake-Promoting Actions of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Stimulation
Isaac, S. O., & Berridge, C. W. (2003) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.103.053918 · Cited by 120
Self-citation
Activation of the Locus Ceruleus Brain Noradrenergic System during Stress: Circuitry, Consequences, and Regulation
Valentino, R. J., Curtis, A. L., Page, M. E., Pavcovich, L. A., & Florin-Lechner, S. M. (1997) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60863-7 · Cited by 120
Noradrenergic Modulation of Cholinergic Nucleus Basalis Neurons Demonstrated by in vitro Pharmacological and Immunohistochemical Evidence in the Guinea‐pig Brain
Fort, P., Khateb, A., Pegna, A. J., Mühlethaler, M., & Jones, B. E. (1995) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01145.x · Cited by 115
Supersensitivity in Rat Cerebral Cortex: Pre- and Postsynaptic Effects of 6-Hydroxydopamine at Noradrenergic Synapses
Sporn, J. R., Wolfe, B. B., Harden, T. K., & Molinoff, P. B. (1977) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)12510-8 · Cited by 110
Time course of recovery of extracellular dopamine following partial damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine system
Robinson, T. E., Mocsary, Z., Camp, D., & Whishaw, I. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-05-02687.1994 · Cited by 109
Corticotropin-releasing factor in the locus coeruleus mediates EEG activation associated with hypotensive stress
Page, M. E., Berridge, C. W., Foote, S. L., & Valentino, R. J. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90862-f · Cited by 107
Self-citation
Gabaergic neurons with α2-adrenergic receptors in basal forebrain and preoptic area express c-Fos during sleep
Modirrousta, M., Mainville, L., & Jones, B. E. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.028 · Cited by 107
Spontaneous activity of neurones of nucleus reticularis thalami in freely moving cats
Mukhametov, L. M., Rizzolatti, G., & Tradardi, V. (1970) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009233 · Cited by 105
Central Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission
Frotscher, M., & Misgeld, U. (1989) · Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-9138-7 · Cited by 104
Locus Ceruleus Control of State-Dependent Gene Expression
Cirelli, C. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0949-04.2004 · Cited by 103
Differences in gene expression between sleep and waking as revealed by mRNA differential display
Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (1998) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00057-6 · Cited by 101
Behavioral Activation of Rats during Intraventricular Infusion of Norepinephrine
Segal, D. S., & Mandell, A. J. (1970) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.66.2.289 · Cited by 99
Chronic treatment with desipramine improves cognitive performance of rats in an attentional set-shifting test
Lapiz, M. D. S., Bondi, C. O., & Morilak, D. A. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301235 · Cited by 95
Noradrenergic activation of immediate early genes in rat cerebral cortex
Bing, G., Filer, D., Miller, J. C., & Stone, E. A. (1991) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(91)90019-t · Cited by 95
Selective depletion of cortical noradrenaline by anti-dopamine beta-hydroxylase-saporin impairs attentional function and enhances the effects of guanfacine in the rat
Milstein, J. A., Lehmann, O., Theobald, D. E. H., Dalley, J. W., & Robbins, T. W. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0594-x · Cited by 94
Bladder distention activates noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons by an excitatory amino acid mechanism
Page, M. E., Akaoka, H., Aston‐Jones, G., & Valentino, R. J. (1992) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(92)90295-d · Cited by 92
Binding of α- and β-adrenergic ligands to cerebral cortical membranes: Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine treatment and relationship to the responsiveness of cyclic AMP-generating systems in two rat strains
Skolnick, P., Stalvey, L. P., Daly, J. W., Hoyler, E., & Davis, J. N. (1978) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(78)90391-6 · Cited by 92
Cerebral compensation for chronic noradrenergic denervation induced by locus ceruleus lesion: recovery of receptor binding, isoproterenol- induced adenylate cyclase activity, and oxidative metabolism
Harik, S., Duckrow, R., LaManna, J. C., Rosenthal, M., Sharma, V., & Sp, B. (1981) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.01-06-00641.1981 · Cited by 91
Neural Substrates of Psychostimulant-Induced Arousal
Berridge, C. W. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301159 · Cited by 91
Self-citation
Organization of noradrenergic efferents to arousal‐related basal forebrain structures
España, R. A., & Berridge, C. W. (2006) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20946 · Cited by 90
Self-citation
Relationship between low‐dose amphetamine‐induced arousal and extracellular norepinephrine and dopamine levels within prefrontal cortex
Berridge, C. W., & Stalnaker, T. A. (2002) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.10131 · Cited by 86
Self-citation
Pharmacological modifications of the neurotoxic action of the noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 on central noradrenaline neurons
Hallman, H., & JONSSON, G. (1984) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(84)90487-4 · Cited by 83
Different types of norepinephrinergic receptors are involved in preoptic area mediated independent modulation of sleep-wakefulness and body temperature
Mallick, B. N., & Alam, M. N. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90972-c · Cited by 79
Increased levels of extracellular dopamine in neostriatum and nucleus accumbens after histamine H1 receptor blockade
Dringenberg, H. C., Souza‐Silva, M. A. D., Schwarting, R. K. W., & Huston, J. P. (1998) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005274 · Cited by 76
Immunohistochemical studies of noradrenergic-induced expression of c-fos in the rat CNS
Bing, G., Stone, E. A., Zhang, Y., & Filer, D. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91658-2 · Cited by 75
Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors on GABAergic, putative sleep‐promoting basal forebrain neurons
Manns, I. D., Lee, M., Modirrousta, M., Hou, Y. P., & Jones, B. E. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02788.x · Cited by 75
In vivo intrahippocampal microinfusion of carbachol and bicuculline induces theta‐like oscillations in the septally deafferented hippocampus
Colom, L. V., Nassif, S., Dickson, C. T., Smythe, J. W., & Bland, B. H. (1991) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450010406 · Cited by 73
Cell cycle kinetics in the embryonic mouse corpus striatum
Bhide, P. G. (1996) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19961028)374:4 · Cited by 73
Effects of locally infused pharmacological agents on spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity of locus coeruleus neurons
Adams, L. M., & Foote, S. L. (1988) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(88)90151-7 · Cited by 71
Regulation of α and β components of noradrenergic cyclic AMP response in cortical slices
Stone, E. A., McEwen, B. S., Herrera, A. S., & Carr, K. D. (1987) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0014-2999(87)90551-6 · Cited by 71
Additive wake-promoting actions of medial basal forebrain noradrenergic α1- and β-receptor stimulation.
Berridge, C. W., Isaac, S. O., & España, R. A. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.2.350 · Cited by 69
Self-citation
Afferent connections of the forebrain cholinergic projection neurons, with special reference to monoaminergic and peptidergic fibers
Záborszky, L. (1989) · Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-9138-7_2 · Cited by 69
Synergistic sedative effects of noradrenergic α1- and β-receptor blockade on forebrain electroencephalographic and behavioral indices
Berridge, C. W., & España, R. A. (2000) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00215-3 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
Sleep-awake responses elicited from medial preoptic area on application of norepinephrine and phenoxybenzamine in free moving rats
Kumar, V. M., Datta, S., Chihina, G. S., Gandhi, N., & Singh, B. (1984) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90125-2 · Cited by 60
Modulation of Forebrain Electroencephalographic Activity in Halothane-Anesthetized Rat via Actions of Noradrenergic β-Receptors within the Medial Septal Region
Berridge, C. W., Bolen, S. J., Manley, M. S., & Foote, S. L. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-21-07010.1996 · Cited by 59
Self-citation
Differential effects of DSP-4 administration on regional brain norepinephrine turnover in rats
Logue, M. P., Growdon, J. H., López-Coviella, I., & Wurtman, R. J. (1985) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(85)90401-1 · Cited by 59
An analysis of the spontaneous activity of lateral geniculate neurons and of optic tract fibers in free moving cats.
Mukhametov, L. M., Rizzolatti, G., & Seitun, A. (1970) · PubMed · Cited by 59
Noradrenaline inhibits preoptic sleep-active neurons through α2-receptors in the rat
Osaka, T., & Matsumura, H. (1995) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/0168-0102(94)00871-c · Cited by 58
Effect of locus coeruleus lesion on c-fos expression in the cerebral cortex caused by yohimbine injection or stress
Stone, E. A., Zhang, Y., John, S. M., Filer, D., & Bing, G. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91236-l · Cited by 57
Analgesic effects of intrathecally-applied α2-adrenoceptor agonists in conscious, unrestrained sheep
Waterman, A. E., Livingston, A., & Bouchenafa, O. (1988) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(88)90173-6 · Cited by 57
Regulation of posterior lateral hypothalamic arousal related neuronal discharge by preoptic anterior hypothalamic warming
Krilowicz, B. L., Szymusiak, R. S., & McGinty, D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90507-x · Cited by 55
Noradrenergic afferents and receptors in the medial preoptic area: Neuroanatomical and neurochemical links between the regulation of sleep and body temperature
Kumar, V. M., Vetrivelan, R., & Mallick, H. N. (2007) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2007.02.004 · Cited by 55
Effects of excitotoxic lesions of the septum and vertical limb nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca on conditional visual discrimination: relationship between performance and choline acetyltransferase activity in the cingulate cortex
Marston, H., West, H., Wilkinson, L., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-04-02009.1994 · Cited by 55
Interaction of beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists with brain beta adrenergic receptors in vivo.
Conway, P. G., Tejani‐Butt, S. M., & Brunswick, D. J. (1987) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(25)00191-0 · Cited by 51
DSP-4-induced depletion of brain norepinephrine produces opposite effects on exploratory behavior 3 and 14 days after treatment
Berridge, C. W., & Dunn, A. J. (1990) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244003 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Amphetamine acts within the medial basal forebrain to initiate and maintain alert waking
Berridge, C. W., O’Neil, J. N., & Wifler, K. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00271-7 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Adrenoceptor antagonists block c-fos response to stress in the mouse brain
Stone, E. A., & Zhang, Y. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00882-q · Cited by 47
Role of Medial Preoptic Area Beta Adrenoceptors in the Regulation of Sleep-Wakefulness
Sood, S., Dhawan, J. K., Ramesh, V., John, J., Gopinath, G., & Kumar, V. M. (1997) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00384-x · Cited by 40
Neuromodulation and Cognitive Performance: Recent Studies of Noradrenergic Locus Ceruleus Neurons in Behaving Monkeys
Aston‐Jones, G., Rajkowski, J., Ivanova, S. А., Usher, M., & Cohen, J. D. (1997) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60857-1 · Cited by 39
Microinfusion of clonidine and yohimbine into locus coeruleus alters EEG power spectrum: effects of aging and reversal by phosphatidylserine
Sarro, G. D., Bagetta, G., Ascioti, C., Libri, V., & Nisticò, G. (1988) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11765.x · Cited by 38
Differential sensitivity to the wake-promoting actions of norepinephrine within the medial preoptic area and the substantia innominata.
Berridge, C. W., & O'Neill, J. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.115.1.165 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Modulation of desynchronized sleep through microinjection of ?-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in the dorsal pontine tegmentum of the cat
Tononi, G., Pompeiano, M., & Pompeiano, O. (1989) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00370584 · Cited by 38
Sleep-inducing function of noradrenergic fibers in the medial preoptic area
Kumar, V. M., Sharma, R., Wadhwa, A., & Manchanda, S. K. (1993) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90069-n · Cited by 38
The mechanism of noradrenergic alpha 1 excitatory modulation of pontine reticular formation neurons
Stevens, D. R., McCarley, R. W., & Greene, R. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-11-06481.1994 · Cited by 37
The D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH 23390 enhances REM sleep in the rat
Trampus, M., & Ongini, E. (1990) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/0028-3908(90)90138-h · Cited by 36
Topographical projection of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain to the cingulate cortex in the rat
Stewart, D. J., MacFabe, D. F., & Leung, L.-W. S. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90994-1 · Cited by 35
Histamine H1 Receptor Antagonists Produce Increases in Extracellular Acetylcholine in Rat Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus
Dringenberg, H. C., Souza‐Silva, M. A. D., Roßmüller, J., Huston, J. P., & Schwarting, R. K. W. (1998) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70041750.x · Cited by 34
Effects of intracerebral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine on sleep and waking in the rat
Lidbrink, P., & Fuxé, K. (1973) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1973.tb09125.x · Cited by 33
Blockade of epinephrine priming of the cerebral auditory evoked response by cortical cholinergic deafferentation
Berntson, G. G., Shafi, R., Knox, D., & Sarter, M. F. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00702-9 · Cited by 33
C-Fos response to administration of catecholamines into brain by microdialysis
Stone, E. A., Zhang, Y., John, S. M., & Bing, G. (1991) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90050-4 · Cited by 32
Central nervous system site of action for the hypotensive effect of clonidine in the cat.
Gatti, P. J., Hill, K. J., Silva, A. M. D., Norman, W. P., & Gillis, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)22302-3 · Cited by 31
Increase in β- and α1-adrenoceptor binding sites in the rat brain and in the α1-adrenoceptor functional sensitivity after the DSP-4-induced noradrenergic denervation
Mogilnicka, E. M. (1986) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(86)90380-1 · Cited by 29
The hippocampus as a possible site of action for increased locomotion during intracerebral infusions of norepinephrine
Flicker, C., & Geyer, M. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(82)91843-x · Cited by 28
?-Adrenoceptor subtypes in sections of rat and guinea-pig kidney
Engel, G., Maurer, R., Perrot, K., & Richardson, B. P. (1985) · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00515567 · Cited by 27
Amygdaloid modulation of mesopontine peribrachial neuronal activity: Implications for arousal.
Silvestri, A. J., & Kapp, B. S. (1998) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.112.3.571 · Cited by 25
Direct projections of non-pyramidal neurons of Ammon's horn to the supramammillary region in the cat
Ino, T., Itoh, K., Kamiya, H., Shigemoto, R., Akiguchi, I., & Mizuno, N. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91219-x · Cited by 24
Stages of recovery from central norepinephrine lesions in enriched and impoverished environments: A behavioral and biochemical study
Díaz, J., Ellison, G., & Masuoka, D. T. (1978) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00235809 · Cited by 22
Contrasting effects of noradrenergic β-receptor blockade within the medial septal area on forebrain electroencephalographic and behavioral activity state in anesthetized and unanesthetized rat
Berridge, C. W., & Wifler, K. (2000) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00047-6 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Nicotinic depolarizations of rat medial pontine reticular formation neurons studied in vitro
Stevens, D. R., Birnstiel, S., Gerber, U. R., McCarley, R. W., & Greene, R. W. (1993) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90073-o · Cited by 21
[Role of hypothalamic histaminergic systems in the regulation of vigilance states in cats].
Lin, J. S., Sakai, K., & Jouvet, M. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Norepinephrine injections in diagonal band of Broca selectively reduce the activity of vasopressin supraoptic neurons in the rat
Cunningham, J. T., Nissen, R., & Renaud, L. P. (1993) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91229-l · Cited by 19
Tonic activity of α1 adrenergic receptors of the medial preoptic area contributes towards increased sleep in rats
Vetrivelan, R., Mallick, H. N., & Kumar, V. M. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.046 · Cited by 16
Sleep induction and temperature lowering by medial preoptic α1 adrenergic receptors
Vetrivelan, R., Mallick, H. N., & Kumar, V. M. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.015 · Cited by 16
Pharmacological properties of β3-adrenoceptors
Nisoli, E., & Carruba, M. O. (1997) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(97)90634-9 · Cited by 16
Wake-Promoting Actions of Medial Basal Forebrain β₂ Receptor Stimulation.
Berridge, C. W., Stellick, R. L., & Schmeichel, B. E. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.3.743 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Activation of fos in mouse amygdala by local infusion of norepinephrine or atipamezole
Stone, E. A., Zhang, Y., Hiller, J. M., Simon, E. J., & Hillman, D. E. (1997) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00667-7 · Cited by 15
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptors in the Medial Preoptic Area are Involved in the Induction of Sleep
Kumar, V. M., Vetrivelan, R., & Mallick, H. N. (2006) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-006-9109-8 · Cited by 15
Noradrenergic Control of Emotion-induced Amnesia and Hypermnesia
Hurlemann, R. (2006) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2006.17.5.525 · Cited by 15
Central Mechanisms of Clonidine and Propranolol in Man
Itil, T. M., & Itil, K. Z. (1983) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.83.2.411 · Cited by 15
The effect of microinjections of clonidine into the locus coeruleus on cortical EEG in rats.
Danysz, W., Dyr, W., Płaźnik, A., & Kostowski, W. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Unmasking of α1 adrenoceptor induced hypnogenic response from medial preoptic area
Vetrivelan, R., Mallick, H. N., & Kumar, V. M. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.02.013 · Cited by 9
Correspondence
Nisoli, E., & Carruba, M. O. (1997) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0165-6147(97)89942-7 · Cited by 7
The locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system and stress: modulation of arousal state and state-dependent behavioral processes
Berridge, C. W. (2005) · Techniques in the behavioral and neural sciences · doi:10.1016/s0921-0709(05)80025-2 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Preoptic hypothalamic warming suppresses laryngeal dilator activity during sleep
McGinty, D., Metes, A., Alam, M. N., Megirian, D., Stewart, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00296.2003 · Cited by 6
Desynchronized sleep suppression after microinjection of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol in the dorsal pontine tegmentum.
Tononi, G., Pompeiano, M., & Pompeiano, O. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 6

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 164 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Berridge, 2007, Norepinephrine acts within the lateral hypothalamus to promote waking: relevance to psychostimulant-induced arousal, Soc. Neurosci. Abst., 736.21
Bremer, 1937, Cerebral activity during sleep and narcosis: contribution to the study of the mechanisms of sleep, Bull. Acad. R. Med. Belg., 4, 240

Sorted by citations

Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction
Sinha, R. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1441.030 · Cited by 1,904
Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal
Sara, S. J., & Bouret, S. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.011 · Cited by 1,056
Amyloid-Beta and Phosphorylated Tau Accumulations Cause Abnormalities at Synapses of Alzheimer’s disease Neurons
Rajmohan, R., & Reddy, P. H. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160612 · Cited by 730
Neuromodulation of Brain States
Lee, S., & Dan, Y. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.012 · Cited by 697
Metabolism and functions of copper in brain
Scheiber, I. F., Mercer, J. F. B., & Dringen, R. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.002 · Cited by 524

See all 368

Authors: Berridge, C. W.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author: Berridge, Craig W.
ORCID: Berridge, Craig W.
Venue: Brain Research Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-06
Volume: 58
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-17
ISSN: 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.10.013
PMC: PMC2517224
OpenAlex: W2060611129
Cited by: 368
References: 164
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 0.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Brain Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062359, MH 62359)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K02DA000389, Z01DA000389, R01DA010681, DA-10681)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords: locus coeruleus, norepinephrine, arousal, wakefulness, beta-adrenergic receptors, alpha1-adrenoceptors, medial septum, medial preoptic area, stress, psychostimulants, insomnia, stress-related disorders, noradrenergic neurotransmission
MeSH terms: Animals, Arousal, Humans, Locus Coeruleus, Models, Anatomic, Neural Pathways, Norepinephrine, Preoptic Area, Receptors, Adrenergic, Septum of Brain

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Noradrenergic modulation of arousal

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks