Fragile self-esteem and affective instability in posttraumatic stress disorder

Kashdan, Todd B.; Uswatte, Gitendra; Steger, Michael F.; Julian, Terri

doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.003

Cited by 88Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPersonality Disorders and PsychopathologyAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Fragile self-esteem and affective instability in posttraumatic stress disorder

Kashdan, Todd B., Uswatte, Gitendra, Steger, Michael F., Julian, Terri·2006·Behaviour Research and Therapy

DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.003

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Temporal fluctuations in self-esteem and affect are prominent features of several clinical conditions (e.g., depression), but there is an absence of empirical work examining their role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals who experience large fluctuations in self-evaluations and affect are considered more vulnerable to psychopathology than individuals able to adequately modulate their self-image and emotional responses. We examined the relevance of self-esteem and affective instability to PTSD. Veterans with and without PTSD completed 14 daily ratings of self-esteem, positive affect, negative affect, and gratitude. Compared to veterans without PTSD, veterans with PTSD exhibited more temporal fluctuations in self-esteem, negative affect, and gratitude, with a smaller effect for positive affect. For all veterans, self-esteem and negative affective instability was associated with diminished well-being. Except for self-esteem instability, most findings were substantially reduced after accounting for variance attributable to PTSD diagnoses and mean intensity levels over the 14-day monitoring period. These data suggest self-esteem instability is important in understanding the lives of veterans with and without PTSD.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.003

Cites

60 of 60 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

PTSD is associated with poor self-esteem.
“First, PTSD is associated with a number of interpersonal challenges, including (1) rejection sensitivity [60]; (2) poor self-esteem [61]; and (3) being distrustful of others [62].”
From A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [61]

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141 · Cited by 11,567 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379 · see citing works
Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index
Diener, E. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.34 · Cited by 7,121 · see citing works
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147 · see citing works
Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.5.410 · Cited by 5,947 · see citing works
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396 · see citing works
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174794 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J.-A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112 · Cited by 3,664 · see citing works
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Wright, B. R. E., Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2654424 · Cited by 3,327 · see citing works
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image.
Winch, R. F., & Rosenberg, M. (1965) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575639 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
Happiness Is a Stochastic Phenomenon
Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00355.x · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
Is gratitude a moral affect?
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.249 · Cited by 1,698 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Thus, gratitude differs from other positive emotions in that serves as a moral motive, impelling people to engage in positive social behavior (e.g., McCullough et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-6366 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
Contingencies of self-worth.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.593 · Cited by 1,614 · see citing works
Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample.
Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.4.585 · Cited by 1,562 · see citing works
Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of post-traumatic stress disorder
Foa, E. B., Steketee, G., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1989) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80067-x · Cited by 1,518 · see citing works
Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Three studies in reliability and validity.
Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.1.85 · Cited by 1,323 · see citing works
Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: Their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities.
Watson, D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1020 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Three studies in reliability and validity.
Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.1.85 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., Fairbank, J. A., Schlenger, W. E., Kulka, R. A., Hough, R. L., & Weiss, D. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.60.6.916 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Gratitude in Intermediate Affective Terrain: Links of Grateful Moods to Individual Differences and Daily Emotional Experience.
McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J.-A. C., & Emmons, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility.
Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.6.1013 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C.-R., Berry, A. J., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1190 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Personality Psychology : Recent Trends And Emerging Directions
Buss, D. M., & Cantor, N. L. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Functioning and Quality of Life Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Sample of Male Vietnam Veterans
Zatzick, D., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Browner, W. S., Metzler, T. J., Golding, J. M., Stewart, A. L., Schlenger, W. E., & Wells, K. B. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.12.1690 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., Fairbank, J. A., et al. (1992) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.6.916 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Anxiety disorders: psychological approaches to theory and treatment
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-5351 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility.
Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.6.1013 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Characterizing affective instability in borderline personality disorder
Koenigsberg, H. W., Harvey, P. D., Mitropoulou, V., Schmeidler, J., New, A. S., Goodman, M., Silverman, J. M., Serby, M., Schopick, F., & Siever, L. J. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.784 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
The varieties of emotional experience: A meditation on James-Lange theory.
Lang, P. J. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.211 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
A comparison of self-esteem lability and low trait self-esteem as vulnerability factors for depression.
Butler, A. C., Hokanson, J. E., & Flynn, H. A. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.1.166 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans
Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G., & Julian, T. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.005 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Emotional processing in posttraumatic stress disorder.
Litz, B. T., Orsillo, S. M., Kaloupek, D. G., & Weathers, F. W. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.26 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Day-to-Day Relationships among Self-Concept Clarity, Self-Esteem, Daily Events, and Mood
Nezlek, J. B., & Plesko, R. M. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201272006 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Religious Interests, Attitudes, and Values: A Study of Twins Reared Apart and Together
Waller, N. G., Kojetin, B. A., Bouchard, T. J., Lykken, D. T., & Tellegen, A. (1990) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00083.x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Master of One’s Psychological Domain? Not Likely if One’s Self-Esteem is Unstable
Kernis, M. H., Paradise, A. W., Whitaker, D. J., Wheatman, S. R., & Goldman, B. N. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200262010 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions
Eysenck, H. J. (1990) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90288-3 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Emotional numbing in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A critical review and reformulation
Litz, B. (1992) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(92)90125-r · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A comparison of self-esteem lability and low trait self-esteem as vulnerability factors for depression.
Butler, A. C., Hokanson, J. E., & Flynn, H. A. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.166 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Reactivity to Daily Events: Examining the Roles of Stability and Level of Self‐Esteem
Greenier, K. D., Kernis, M. H., McNamara, C. W., Waschull, S. B., Berry, A. J., Herlocker, C. E., & Abend, T. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00052 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Vulnerable self-esteem and depressive symptoms: Prospective findings comparing three alternative conceptualizations.
Roberts, J. E., & Monroe, S. M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.5.804 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Anhedonia and emotional numbing in combat veterans with PTSD
Kashdan, T. B., Elhai, J. D., & Frueh, B. C. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.001 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders: Psychological Approaches to Theory and Treatment.
Bowers, W. A. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200004000-00019 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Emotional conflict and well-being: Relation to perceived availability, daily utilization, and observer reports of social support.
Emmons, R. A., & Colby, P. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.5.947 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: investigating the role of overlapping symptoms in diagnostic comorbidity
FRANKLIN, C. L., & ZIMMERMAN, M. (2001) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200108000-00008 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Emotional conflict and well-being: Relation to perceived availability, daily utilization, and observer reports of social support.
Emmons, R. A., & Colby, P. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.68.5.947 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Day-to-Day Variability in Empathy as a Function of Daily Events and Mood
Nezlek, J. B., Feist, G. J., Wilson, F. C., & Plesko, R. M. (2001) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2332 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Adult Psychopathology: Issues and Controversies
Widiger, T. A., & Sankis, L. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.377 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A multidimensional model of self-esteem in depression
Roberts, J. E., & Monroe, S. M. (1994) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94)90006-x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Vulnerable self-esteem and depressive symptoms: Prospective findings comparing three alternative conceptualizations.
Roberts, J. E., & Monroe, S. M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.5.804 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Temporal variability in global self-esteem and specific self-evaluation as prospective predictors of emotional distress: Specificity in predictors and outcome.
Roberts, J. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.4.521 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
On the meaning and measurement of affective instability: clues from chaos theory
Woyshville, M. J., Lackamp, J. M., Eisengart, J. A., & Gilliland, J. A. M. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00152-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Affective information processing and the assessment of anxiety
Lang, P. J., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1984) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf01321326 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Temporal variability in global self-esteem and specific self-evaluation as prospective predictors of emotional distress: Specificity in predictors and outcome.
Roberts, J. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.4.521 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A Process Approach to Personality Psychology: Utilizing Time as a Facet of Data
Larsen, R. J. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0634-4_13 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Schematic integration of traumatic events
Cason, D., Resick, P. A., & Weaver, T. L. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00085-x · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis.
Houben, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Kuppens, P. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038822 · Cited by 1,043 · see citing works
Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms?
Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and zen meditation for depression, anxiety, pain, and psychological distress.
MARCHAND, W. R. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice® · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000416014.53215.86 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: a review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model
Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.002 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Affective dynamics in psychopathology
Trull, T. J., Lane, S. P., Koval, P., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2015) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915590617 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Happiness is best kept stable: Positive emotion variability is associated with poorer psychological health.
Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Quoidbach, J., & Mauss, I. B. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0030262 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Emotion regulation, physiological arousal and PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals
Shepherd, L., & Wild, J. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.03.002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Anxiety buffer disruption theory: a terror management account of posttraumatic stress disorder
Pyszczynski, T., & Kesebir, P. (2011) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.517524 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Specificity of affective instability in patients with borderline personality disorder compared to posttraumatic stress disorder, bulimia nervosa, and healthy controls.
Santangelo, P., Reinhard, I., Mussgay, L., Steil, R., Sawitzki, G., Klein, C., Trull, T. J., Bohus, M., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035619 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Postconcussive Symptoms After Blast and Nonblast-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries in Afghanistan and Iraq War Veterans
Lippa, S. M., Pastorek, N. J., Benge, J. F., & Thornton, G. M. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710000743 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Intrapersonal Resilience Moderates the Association Between Exposure-Severity and PTSD Symptoms Among Civilians Exposed to the 2014 Israel–Gaza Conflict
Avi Besser, A., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Weinberg, M., Pincus, A. L., & Neria, Y. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2014.966143 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Affective and Self-Esteem Instability in the Daily Lives of People With Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
Farmer, A. S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613495200 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress reactions as a disruption in anxiety-buffer functioning: Dissociation and responses to mortality salience as predictors of severity of posttraumatic symptoms.
Abdollahi, A., Pyszczynski, T., Maxfield, M., & Luszczynska, A. (2011) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0021084 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Mood instability, mental illness and suicidal ideas: results from a household survey
Marwaha, S., Parsons, N., & Broome, M. R. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0653-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Acute Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress and Dissociative Experiences Among Female Israeli Civilians Exposed to War: The Roles of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Sources of Resilience
Avi Besser, A., Weinberg, M., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Neria, Y. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22083 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Substance use to regulate intense posttraumatic shame in individuals with childhood abuse and neglect
Holl, J., Wolff, S., Schumacher, M., Höcker, A., Arens, E. A., Spindler, G., Stopsack, M., Südhof, J., Hiller, P., Klein, M., et al. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000432 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Affect in response to stressors and coping strategies: an ecological momentary assessment study of borderline personality disorder
Chaudhury, S. R., Galfalvy, H., Biggs, E. A., Choo, T.-H. J., Mann, J. J., & Stanley, B. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0059-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Preliminary Experimental Examination of the Effect of Emotion Dysregulation and Impulsivity on Risky Behaviors Among Women With Sexual Assault–Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2014) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445514547957 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Bidirectional Dyadic Association Between Tendency to Forgive, Self‐Esteem, Social Support, and PTSD Symptoms Among Terror‐Attack Survivors and Their Spouses
Weinberg, M. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21864 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Negative Affect Instability Among Individuals With Comorbid Borderline Personality Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Scheiderer, E. M., Wang, T., Tomko, R. L., Wood, P. K., & Trull, T. J. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615573214 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Randomized Pilot Study of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Improve Social Support for Veterans with PTSD
Kelly, M. M., Reilly, E. D., Ameral, V., Richter, S., & Fukuda, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11123482 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“First, PTSD is associated with a number of interpersonal challenges, including (1) rejection sensitivity [60]; (2) poor selfesteem [61]; and (3) being distrustful of others [62].”
Background
Dispositional optimism and self–esteem as competing predictors of acute symptoms of generalized anxiety disorders and dissociative experiences among civilians exposed to war trauma.
Weinberg, M., Avi Besser, A., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Neria, Y. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0035170 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Is the relationship between self-esteem and physical aggression necessarily U-shaped?
Webster, G. D. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Impulsive and Risky Behavior: Overview and Discussion of Potential Mechanisms
Tull, M. T., Weiss, N. H., & McDermott, M. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_16-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Need for Power and the Power of Need: An Ecological Approach for Political Psychology
Zeineddine, F. B., & Pratto, F. (2017) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12389 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“I now look forward to the future, by finding things from our past…”Exploring the potential of metal detector archaeology as a source of well-being and happiness for British Armed Forces veterans with mental health impairments
Dobat, A. S., Wood, S., Jensen, B. S., Schmidt, S., & Dobat, A. S. (2019) · International Journal of Heritage Studies · doi:10.1080/13527258.2019.1639069 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-Referential Thinking, Suicide, and Function of the Cortical Midline Structures and Striatum in Mood Disorders: Possible Implications for Treatment Studies of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Bipolar Depression
Marchand, W. R. (2011) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/246725 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Fragile Self-Esteem and Alcohol-Related Negative Consequences Among College Student Drinkers
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Stubbs, W. J., & Madson, M. B. (2013) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.5.546 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Beliefs in negative mood regulation and daily negative affect in PTSD
DiMauro, J., Renshaw, K. D., & Kashdan, T. B. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.030 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Impulsive and Risky Behavior: Overview and Discussion of Potential Mechanisms
Tull, M. T., Weiss, N. H., & McDermott, M. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_16 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evaluating the temporal structure and correlates of daily self-esteem using a trait state error framework (TSE)
Alessandri, G., Zuffianò, A., Vecchione, M., Donnellan, B. M., & Tisak, J. (2016) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1137223 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Specificity of emotion sequences in borderline personality disorder compared to posttraumatic stress disorder, bulimia nervosa, and healthy controls: an e-diary study
Kockler, T., Tschacher, W., Santangelo, P., Limberger, M., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2017) · doi:10.7892/boris.108369 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment and Disordered Eating in Adulthood: a Mediating Role of PTSD and Self-Esteem?
Wolf, N. M., & Elklit, A. (2018) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-018-0224-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Utilizing Telehealth to Support Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder in a Theater of War: Prolonged Exposure via Clinical Videoconferencing
Pelton, D., Wangelin, B. C., & Tuerk, P. W. (2015) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2014.0111 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Dynamics of Self-Esteem in Cognitive Therapy for Avoidant and Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorders: An Adaptive Role of Self-Esteem Variability?
Cummings, J. A., Hayes, A. M., Cardaciotto, L., & Newman, C. F. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9375-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress and Parenting Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation
Kumar, S. A., Franz, M. R., Brock, R. L., & DiLillo, D. (2019) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-019-00124-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sudden gains and patterns of symptom change in cognitive–behavioral therapy for treatment-resistant depression.
Andrews, L. A., Hayes, A. M., Abel, A., & Kuyken, W. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000467 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Relationships among Proactive Coping, Posttrauma Gratitude, and Psychopathology in a Traumatized College Sample
Vernon, L. L. (2012) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2012.633298 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress in organizations: Types, antecedents, and consequences
Williams, S. D., & Williams, J. (2020) · Business and Society Review · doi:10.1111/basr.12192 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mother’s Parenting Stress and Marital Satisfaction During the Parenting Period: Examining the Role of Depression, Solitude, and Time Alone
Dong, S., Dong, Q., Chen, H., & Yang, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847419 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Improving Social Support for a Veteran With PTSD Using a Manualized Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Approach
Kelly, M. M., Reilly, E. D., Ahern, M., & Fukuda, S. (2020) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650120915781 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Affective Instability: Impact of Fluctuating Emotions on Regulation and Psychological Well-Being
Dork, J., Mangan, E., Burns, L. R., & Dimenstein, E. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14090783 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
An investigation into the relationship between music preference, personality and psychological wellbeing
Sigg, N. (2009) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self‐esteem fully mediates positive life events and depressive symptoms in a sample of 173 patients with affective disorders
Sarubin, N., Goerigk, S. A., Padberg, F., Übleis, A., Jobst, A., Erfurt, L., Schumann, C., Nadjiri, A., Dewald‐Kaufmann, J., Falkai, P., et al. (2018) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12205 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Extending Findings of a Relation between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation among African American Individuals: A Preliminary Examination of the Moderating Role of Gender
Weiss, N. H. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment · doi:10.4172/2324-8947.1000116 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
State-trait decomposition of Name Letter Test scores and relationships with global self-esteem.
Perinelli, E., Alessandri, G., Donnellan, M. B., & Łaguna, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000125 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Reframing Trauma: The Transformative Power of Meaning in Life, Work, and Community
Flood, F. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders · doi:10.26502/jppd.2572-519x0052 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
PTSD and PTG in French and American Firefighters: A Comparative Study
Henson, C., Truchot, D., & Canevello, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191911973 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Emotional lability and affective synchrony in posttraumatic stress disorder pathology
Schoenleber, M. L., Berghoff, C. R., Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic Associations With Interpersonal and Affective Variability in Borderline Personality Pathology
Ringwald, W. R., Hallquist, M. N., Dombrovski, A. Y., & Wright, A. G. C. (2022) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2022.36.3.320 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Components of Appreciative Functioning: A Thematic Analysis of Relevant Literature and Content Analysis of Existing Measurement Scales
Rusk, R. D., Vella‐Brodrick, D., & Waters, L. E. (2015) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13612-015-0028-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Emotion Experience in Women: Emotion Occurrence, Intensity, and Variability in the Natural Environment
Newton, T. L., & Ho, I. K. (2008) · Journal of Psychological Trauma · doi:10.1080/19322880802492237 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Affective lability predicts decreased habituation in posttraumatic stress symptom responding during a single laboratory session of imaginal exposure
Dutton, C. E., Badour, C. L., Jones, A. C., Mischel, E. R., & Feldner, M. T. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Living in a continuous traumatic reality: Impact on elderly persons residing in urban and rural communities.
Regev, I., & Nuttman‐Shwartz, O. (2016) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000165 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Affect Dynamics and Time Scales: Pictures of Movies
Hollenstein, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82965-0_6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Associations between childhood adversity, psychiatric symptoms, and self‐esteem outcomes in adolescents and young adults: An experience sampling study
Mazereel, V., Vansteelandt, K., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Decoster, J., Derom, C. A., Thiery, E. W., Rutten, B. P. F., Jacobs, N., van Os, J., Wichers, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23599 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mirroring minds: assessing the relative stability of self-appraisal and reflected appraisal in daily life
Gütges, I. D., Xi, H., Gauggel, S., & Forster, S. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1576353 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The association of self-esteem variability with diurnal cortisol patterns in a sample of adult workers
Alessandri, G., Filosa, L., Perinelli, E., Carnevali, L., Ottaviani, C., Ferrante, C., & Pasquali, V. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108470 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An examination of forgiveness and revenge in victims of crime
Field, C. (2012) · Murdoch University Research Portal · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing Psychological Inflexibility Pertaining to Self in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Using an Indirect Measure of (Nonassociative) Propositions
Janssen, P. G. J., McEnteggart, C., Barnes‐Holmes, D., van Ee, E., & Egger, J. I. M. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.05.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Daily aggression domains differentially relate to daily affect and self‐esteem
Webster, G. D., & Nezlek, J. B. (2023) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22114 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Binge eating as an emotional response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a sequential mediation model via the impact of events and social anxiety
Bianchi, D., Tata, D. D., Norcia, A. D., Pompili, S., Fatta, L. M., & Laghi, F. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01182-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Comparison of Response Inhibition and Cognitive Appraisal in the Patients with Acute Stress Disorder in Mazandaran Legal Medicine Center
Bakhshian, F., Abolghasemi, A., & Mohammad, N. (2012) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Understanding and Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Veterans
McCaslin, S. E., Ortigo, K. M., Simon, E., & Ruzek, J. I. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7438-2_15 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychological reactions of different affective temperaments to the COVID-19 pandemic
Kefeli, M. C., & Şanlı, E. (2022) · Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.52142/omujecm.39.3.2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Interpersonal trauma in gay men: A systematic review of post-aggression risk and protective factors for PTSD
Lépine, O., Brillon, P., & Lebel, S. (2023) · Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19359705.2023.2239740 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Daily emotional experiences, stress, and PTSD symptoms among midlife women exposed to intimate partner violence : an experience sampling study.
Weigel, R. A. (2010) · doi:10.18297/etd/1544 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An unplanned test of the anxiety buffer disruption theory of posttraumatic stress symptoms
Elmore, J. D., Hamilton, J. C., Sherwood, I. M., & Allon, S. A. (2024) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2024.43.2.128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A grateful space: understanding a range of gratitude experiences
Fox, G. R., Shah, K., & Brownell, K. M. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2427595 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Invisible Effects of Partner Psychological Aggression
Chookolingo, G. (2016) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Influence of affective instability on suicidal ideation beyond traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans
Martinez, B. S., Rowland, J. A., Shura, R. D., Magnante, A. T., Morey, R. A., & Martindale, S. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.02.058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Recent potential traumatic events and high PTSD-symptom levels are not associated with an increase in negative beliefs or expectations about oneself: A prospective, comparative, population-based study
van der Velden, P. G., Contino, C., Das, M., Brouwers, E. P. M., Marchand, M. A. G., & Wittmann, L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.133 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Might be Destroying your Intimacy: A Test of Mediational Models in a Community Sample of Couples
Perrier, C. P. K. (2011) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
The Role of Attachment in Emotion Regulation of Traumatic Stress
Arıkan, G. (2011) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)
The role of cognitive appraisals in the disruption of anxiety-buffer functioning among trauma survivors experiencing posttraumatic distress
Bolster, A. (2015) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
ASSESSING CARDINAL MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
EVANS, R. C. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04532-2.50007-9
Posttraumatische stressstoornis en opvoedingsstijl: de mediërende rol van emotieregulatie
Kumar, S. A., Franz, M. R., Brock, R. L., & DiLillo, D. (2021) · Gezinstherapie Wereldwijd · doi:10.1007/s12440-021-00148-8
The Mediation Effect of Posttraumatic Perception between Self-esteem and PTSD among Student Veterans
Tavakoli, S., & Wu, J.-R. (2022) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/87568225.2022.2133761
The “Will to Exist, Live and Survive/Fight” (WTELS-F) Scale Initial Short Version: Cross-Cultural Validation of Its Reliability, Structural, Predictive and Incremental Validity
Kira, I. A., Özcan, N. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., & Alhuwailah, A. (2023) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2023.143026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Daily Aggression Domains Differentially Relate to Daily Affect and Self-EsteemPreprint
Webster, G. D., & Nezlek, J. B. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tuyje
Enhancing thriving during COVID-19: The role of spirituality in fostering self-esteem among sojourners
Mercer, I. S., Hua, J., Zheng, L., Walker, A. G., Davis, S. A., & Coco, C. M. (2024) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2024.102085
Manifestation of emotion regulation difficulties in intraindividual emotion dynamics
Mastronardi, C., Smail-Crevier, R., Shih, J. H., & Rappaport, L. M. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2525481
Specificity of emotion sequences in borderline personality disorder compared to posttraumatic stress disorder, bulimia nervosa, and healthy controls: an e-diary study
Kockler, T. D., Tschacher, W., Santangelo, P. S., Limberger, M. F., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0077-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the short form of the affective lability scale in a sample of Lebanese adults
Kanj, G., Malaeb, D. N., Sakr, F., Dabbous, M., Obeïd, S., Hallit, S. R., & Fekih‐Romdhane, F. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1642617
Anxiety/stress symptoms uniquely predict greater negative global metacognitive bias in post-9/11 veterans
DeGutis, J., Ng, E., Megwa, O. F., Agnoli, S., Fortier, C., Milberg, W., & Esterman, M. (2026) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617726101945
Exploring critical incidents and post-traumatic stress among UK prison officers
Wright, L., & Lewis, M. (2026) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2026.2663436
Treatment-related improvement in real-world affective dynamics in women with childhood abuse-related PTSD: A randomized comparison of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for PTSD and Cognitive Processing Therapy (Preprint)Preprint
Schmitz, S. E., Santangelo, P., Priebe, K., Friedmann, F., Fydrich, T., Steil, R., Müller‐Engelmann, M., Limberger, M. F., Hartnagel, L., Enning, F., et al. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.107321
Emotional Dynamics as a Transdiagnostic Factor Associated With Internalizing Problems in Emerging Adults
Begino-Barra, V., rivas, C., Cancela-Fraga, S., Rista, S., Paz, V., & Fernández‐Theoduloz, G. (2026) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968261473671

The temporal interplay of self-esteem instability and affective instability in borderline personality disorder patients’ everyday lives.
Santangelo, P. S., Reinhard, I., Koudela-Hamila, S., Bohus, M., Holtmann, J., Eid, M., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000288 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-esteem in Military Patients with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Zina, E. B., Krir, M. W., Hadj, H. B., Lansari, R., Kefi, H. E., Cheikh, C. B., & Omaya, A. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1304 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-Esteem Stability’s Impact as an Anxiety Buffer on Post Traumatic
McKeever, Q. (2023) · DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)
Negative Affect Instability Among Individuals With Comorbid Borderline Personality Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Scheiderer, E. M., Wang, T., Tomko, R. L., Wood, P. K., & Trull, T. J. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615573214 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Affective dynamics among veterans: Associations with distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress symptoms.
Simons, J. S., Simons, R. M., Grimm, K. J., Keith, J. A., & Stoltenberg, S. F. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000745 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Authors: Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G., Steger, M. F., & Julian, T.
Affiliations: George Mason University (US)
University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
Corresponding author: Kashdan, Todd B.
ORCID: Kashdan, Todd B.
Uswatte, Gitendra
Steger, Michael F.
Venue: Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-11
Volume: 44
Issue: 11
Pages: 1609-1619
ISSN: 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.003
OpenAlex: W1975668684
Cited by: 88
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 2.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, self-esteem, neuroticism, temporal fluctuations, veterans, negative affect, positive affect, gratitude, well-being
MeSH terms: Affect, Humans, Personal Satisfaction, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Fragile self-esteem and affective instability in posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks