The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 24 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal
Open accessAbstract
It has been suggested that reappraisal strategies are more effective than suppression strategies for regulating emotions. Recently, proponents of the acceptance-based behavior therapy movement have further emphasized the importance of acceptance-based emotion regulation techniques. In order to directly compare these different emotion regulation strategies, 202 volunteers were asked to give an impromptu speech in front of a video camera. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups. The Reappraisal group was instructed to regulate their anxious arousal by reappraising the situation; the Suppression group was asked to suppress their anxious behaviors; and the Acceptance group was instructed to accept their anxiety. As expected, the Suppression group showed a greater increase in heart rate from baseline than the Reappraisal and Acceptance groups. Moreover, the Suppression group reported more anxiety than the Reappraisal group. However, the Acceptance and Suppression groups did not differ in their subjective anxiety response. These results suggest that both reappraising and accepting anxiety is more effective for moderating the physiological arousal than suppressing anxiety. However, reappraising is more effective for moderating the subjective feeling of anxiety than attempts to suppress or accept it. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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In the paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross, 1998 source
- Supportedcites Gross, 2002 source
The Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data section (p. 4) describes instructions to hide emotional reactions and reports that suppression decreased disgust-expressive behavior. The citing authors’ statement that replicating earlier findings suggests their own manipulation worked is their inference, not a result attributed to Gross (2002). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Acceptance and Reappraisal groups did not differ from one another in heart rate changes from baseline (p > .81).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Results > Effect of Emotion Regulation on Psychophysiological Arousal
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately half of the participants in all three groups (48.52% of the Reappraisal group, 47.76% of the Suppression group, and 58.20% of the Acceptance group) terminated the speech before the 10 minutes elapsed, χ2 (2) = 1.82, p > .4.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Results > Effect on Speech Length and Speech Termination
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three groups did not differ in the length of speeches, F (2, 199) = 1.88, p > .15.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Results > Effect on Speech Length and Speech Termination
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that the absolute differences between the groups were not very large.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the Suppression group showed a greater increase in heart rate from baseline than the Reappraisal and Acceptance groups.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of Emotion Regulation on Psychophysiological Arousal · plain
“Pairwise post-hoc group comparisons (Least Square Difference) in the changes in heart rate from baseline revealed that the Suppression group had a significantly greater increase in heart rate than the Reappraisal group (mean difference: −1.57, SE = .73, p = .03) and the Acceptance group (mean difference: −1.75, SE = .73, p = .02).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“As expected, the Suppression group showed a greater increase in heart rate from baseline than the Reappraisal and Acceptance groups.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
- Also stated in: § Effect of Emotion Regulation on Psychophysiological Arousal · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the Acceptance and Suppression groups did not differ in their subjective anxiety response.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of Emotion Regulation on Psychophysiological Arousal · plain
“No significant differences were observed in STAI changes between the Acceptance and Suppression groups (mean difference: .90, SE = .66, p = .18)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“However, the difference between the Acceptance group and the Suppression group in their subjective anxiety response did not reach statistical significance, despite the sufficiently high test power.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The brief acceptance instructions were strong enough to engage the intended acceptance process.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
- Also stated in: § Effect of Emotion Regulation on Psychophysiological Arousal · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the Suppression group reported more anxiety than the Reappraisal group.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of Emotion Regulation on Psychophysiological Arousal · plain
“Pairwise post-hoc group comparison (Least Square Difference) in the STAI changes from baseline showed that the Suppression group reported more anxiety than the Reappraisal group (mean difference: −1.77, SE = .67, p = .008).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Moreover, the Suppression group reported more anxiety than the Reappraisal group.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
- Also stated in: § Effect of Emotion Regulation on Psychophysiological Arousal · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences were observed in STAI changes between the Acceptance and Suppression groups (mean difference: .90, SE = .66, p = .18), or between the Acceptance and Reappraisal groups (mean difference: .88, SE = .66, p = .19).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Results > Effect of Emotion Regulation on Psychophysiological Arousal
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The brief acceptance instructions were strong enough to engage the intended acceptance process.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, overall, reappraisal was the most effective strategy for regulating anxious arousal in the present study.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The brief acceptance instructions were strong enough to engage the intended acceptance process.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the three groups showed a small, but statistically significant difference in the STAI scores at baseline, F (2, 193) = 3.06, p = .049, partial η2 = 0.03. Pairwise post-hoc group comparisons (Least Square Difference) showed that the Acceptance group had slightly higher STAI scores at baseline than the Reappraisal group (mean difference: −1.39, SE = .65, p = .034) and the Suppression group”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Results > Randomization
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Based on Gross’ model of emotional processing (Gross, 1998), reappraisal may be considered an antecedent-focused strategy, whereas suppression and possibly acceptance (Hofmann & Asmundson, 2008) may be seen as response-focused strategies.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been suggested that antecedent-focused strategies are more effective and less effortful than response-focused strategies because the emotional response can be regulated before it has risen to an overwhelming peak (John & Gross, 2004).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites John & Gross, 2004 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Eifert and Heffner (2003) compared the effects of acceptance versus control strategies on the avoidance of panic-relevant interceptive stimulation, elicited by carbon dioxide enriched air. The authors reported that participants assigned to the acceptance condition reported less intense fear and fewer catastrophic thoughts as compared to participants in the control or non-instruction condition.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Eifert and Heffner (2003) source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the present study expands the emerging research on emotion regulation, the study is by no means a fair test of acceptance-based treatment strategies, cognitive reappraisal techniques, or of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The SIAS is a measure of general level of social anxiety with good psychometric properties (Heimberg, Mueller, Holt, Hope, & Liebowitz, 1992).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Method > Self-Report Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Heimberg, Mueller, Holt, Hope, & Liebowitz, 1992 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, and Hofmann (2006b) investigated perceived acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in participants with anxiety and mood disorders. Participants were instructed to either suppress or accept their emotional response to an emotion-provoking film. The results showed that participants in the acceptance condition showed less negative affect during the post-film”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, and Hofmann (2006b)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The instrument shows excellent psychometric properties (Marteau & Bekker, 1992).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Method > Self-Report Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marteau & Bekker, 1992 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So far, very few laboratory studies have been conducted examining the effects of acceptance-based emotion regulation strategies, and no study to date has directly compared reappraisal and acceptance-based strategies.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result of the deviation from Gross’ reappraisal instructions, the speech task might have been less threatening to participants in the reappraisal condition than in the suppression condition.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study is the first to directly compare reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies for regulating anxiety.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As noted earlier, acceptance is only one of six processes in ACT, and reappraisal is only one of the many treatment components of CBT.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hayes, Strohsahl, & Wilson, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups by receiving one of three instructions orally and in written form.”
- Also stated in: § Randomization · plain
“Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups (Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Method > Procedure
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Randomization · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The group comparisons in the SIAS and PANAS suggest that these effects are unlikely due to differences in trait levels of social anxiety or general affect.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The PANAS consists of two subscales measuring positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) and is a widely used instrument with good reliability and validity (Mackinnon et al., 1999; Watson et al., 1988).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Method > Self-Report Measures
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast to previous studies (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006a,b), the acceptance instructions were relatively brief, without the use of any metaphors and imagery.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Campbell-Sills et al., 2006a,b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, cognitive reappraisal strategies reduce the stress response and increase tolerance for emotional stimuli, without any detrimental effects (Gross, 1998; Richards & Gross, 2000).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that acceptance could also be regarded as an antecedent-focused strategy in the sense that it changes the interpretation of the emotion-eliciting stimulus and its meaning.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three groups were comparable in the positive affect, F (2, 191) = 2.04, p > .13, and the negative affect, F (2, 191) = .48, p > .6, subscales of the PANAS, and the SIAS, F (2, 193) = .30, p > .7.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Results > Randomization
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results support earlier research suggesting that suppressing emotions leads to a paradoxical increase in the unwanted emotional experience, whereas reappraisal is an effective method to moderate subjective and physiological arousal (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006a,b; Gross, 1998; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that this study only examined the short-term effects of these emotion regulation strategies in a nonclinical sample.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The acceptance strategy was as effective as the reappraisal strategy for regulating physiological arousal, but not more effective than the suppression strategy for reducing the subjective level of anxiety.”
§ How to Handle Anxiety: The Effects of Reappraisal, Acceptance, and Suppression Strategies on Anxious Arousal > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
- Rests on an assumption: The brief acceptance instructions were strong enough to engage the intended acceptance process.
- Rests on an assumption: The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants complied with the emotion regulation instructions they received.
“Another weakness was the lack of a manipulation check.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The brief acceptance instructions were strong enough to engage the intended acceptance process.
“Particularly challenging was the acceptance instructions. In contrast to previous studies (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006a,b), the acceptance instructions were relatively brief, without the use of any metaphors and imagery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The speech task produced enough anticipatory anxiety to reveal group differences.
“It is possible that the differences might have been more pronounced if we had induced greater anticipatory anxiety by making the speech task more challenging.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous research could show that acceptance led to reduced subjective distress (e.g., [13,24]) as well as to a reduction of the associated psychophysiological response [24].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The impact of acceptance on affect is comparable to the impact of reappraisal, but further effects of accepting emotions seem to be less extensive in comparison to strategies of reappraisal or suppression (e.g., [13])”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Acceptance (vs.control, suppression, or no instruction) has generally been associated with improved anxiety-related outcomes including lower state anxiety, desired avoidance (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006;Levitt et al., 2004), and physiological arousal (Hofmann et al., 2009) in response to stressor tasks.”
From Evaluating Mechanisms: Mapping Weekly Dynamics between Experiential Avoidance and SAD Symptoms (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2009
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sympathetic activation was found to be reduced by suppression in comparison to non-suppression (but see [11]), but seems to be less effective in sympathetic downregulation than other ER strategies (e.g., [12,13]).”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“First of all, the sample size is quite small compared to other studies (e.g., [10,11,13]).”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, the long-term effects of emotional acceptance are unclear [16, 17].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, a randomised control trial comparing the effectiveness of suppression, reappraisal and acceptance on anxious arousal suggested that both reappraising and accepting anxiety are more effective for moderating physiological arousal than suppressing anxiety (Hofmann et al., 2009).”
From Exploring anxiety, uncertainty perception, treatment experiences and coping strategies: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. (2025) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2009
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(2, 191) = 2.04reported p > .13 · recomputed p = .133
“F (2, 191) = 2.04, p > .13”
- ConsistentF(2, 191) = 0.48reported p > .6 · recomputed p = .620
“F (2, 191) = .48, p > .6”
- ConsistentF(2, 193) = 0.3reported p > .7 · recomputed p = .741
“F (2, 193) = .30, p > .7”
- ConsistentF(2, 193) = 3.06reported p = .049 · recomputed p = .049
“F (2, 193) = 3.06, p = .049”
- ConsistentF(2, 193) = 2.13reported p = .12 · recomputed p = .122
“F (2, 193) = 2.13, p = .12”
- ConsistentF(4, 187) = 158.89reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F (4, 187) = 158.89, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(2, 190) = 3.46reported p = .033 · recomputed p = .033
“F (2, 190) = 3.46, p = .033”
- ConsistentF(2, 190) = 3.56reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .030
“F (2, 190) = 3.56, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(2, 199) = 1.88reported p > .15 · recomputed p = .155
“F (2, 199) = 1.88, p > .15”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 1.82reported p > .4 · recomputed p = .403
“χ2 (2) = 1.82, p > .4”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
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Zhao, T., Fu, Z., Xi, L., Ye, L., & Huang, W. Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675910 · Cited by 63
“The use of specific emotion regulation strategies has also been associated with different levels of anxiety (Gross and John, 2003; Hofmann et al., 2009; Schutte et al., 2009; but also see Eastabrook et al., 2013).”
BackgroundDixon–Gordon, K. L., Turner, B. J., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Chapman, A. L. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.03.001 · Cited by 49
Effect of regulating anger and sadness on decision-making
Szasz, P. L., Hofmann, S. G., Heilman, R. M., & Curtiss, J. E. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1203354 · Cited by 54
“On a related note, the results of this study is not an adequate comparison of therapeutic approaches, such as ACT versus CBT; we only tested isolated emotion regulation strategies that are simplified approximations of therapeutic strategies that occur in the context of complex interpersonal therapeutic processes (Hofm…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationScult, M. A., Knodt, A. R., Swartz, J. R., Brigidi, B. D., & Hariri, A. R. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616654688 · Cited by 49
Katz, B. A., Lustig, N., Assis, Y., & Yovel, I. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000420 · Cited by 54
“Reappraisal involves a reassessment of the content of the disturbing stimulus, whereas acceptance entails a nonjudgmental willingness to engage in the negative experience, without allowing it to impact subsequent behavior (Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBeadman, M., Das, R. K., Freeman, T. P., Scragg, P., West, R., & Kamboj, S. K. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.013 · Cited by 45
Jacob, G. A., Arendt, J., Kolley, L., Scheel, C. N., Bader, K., Lieb, K., Arntz, A. R., & Tüscher, O. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.005 · Cited by 49
Aldao, A., & Christensen, K. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.962399 · Cited by 45
Codd, R. T., Twohig, M. P., Crosby, J. M., & Enno, A. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.25.3.203 · Cited by 44
The Double Framing Effect of Emotive Metaphors in Argumentation
Ervas, F., Rossi, M. G., Ojha, A., & Indurkhya, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628460 · Cited by 50
Meyer, T., Smeets, T., Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.034 · Cited by 49
“In contrast to reappraisal (but see Lam et al., 2009), it may even produce undesirable effects such as decreased positive affect, increased physiological arousal, or memory impairments (e.g., Hofmann et al., 2009; for a review, see Gross, 2002).”
Mindful Emotion Regulation Predicts Recovery in Depressed Youth
Chambers, R., Gullone, E., Hassed, C. S., Knight, W., Garvin, T., & Allen, N. B. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0284-4 · Cited by 54
“Mindfulness is increasingly proving effective for treating psychopathology and improving mental health (Allen et al. 2006; Hofmann et al. 2009; Keng et al. 2011).”
BackgroundPan, D., Hoid, D., Wang, X., Jia, Z., & Li, X. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002275 · Cited by 46
“Habitual reappraisal as the adaptive strategies for coping with stressful events can generate long-term positive effects (Goldin, Mcrae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008) and is a critical protective factor from anxiety symptom (Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDaros, A. R., Daniel, K. E., Meyer, M. J., Chow, P. I., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2019) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09773-x · Cited by 42
Asberg, K. K. (2013) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.715601 · Cited by 41
Neural predictors of eating behavior and dietary change
Giuliani, N. R., Merchant, J. S., Cosme, D., & Berkman, E. T. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13637 · Cited by 45
Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation
Boehme, S., Biehl, S. C., & Mühlberger, A. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9090225 · Cited by 42
“, [13]) One important aspect of ER research is its effect on neural processes, and one common tool to assess neural activity is to measure electrocortical signal changes.”
BackgroundCognitive Restructuring and Acceptance: An Empirically Grounded Conceptual Analysis
Wolgast, M., Lundh, L., & Viborg, G. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9477-0 · Cited by 46
“…thoughts, emotions and bodily sensations while engaging in goal directed behavior (Hayes et al. 1999) whereas, on the other hand, in some research on emotion regulation acceptance is defined more in terms of neutral observation (Hofmann et al. 2009), or even resignation (Garnefski et al. 2002).”
BackgroundBrehl, A.-K., Schene, A. H., Kohn, N., & Fernández, G. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100113 · Cited by 41
Moscovitch, D. A., Chiupka, C. A., & Gavric, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.002 · Cited by 40
Doorley, J. D., & Kashdan, T. B. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10202-4 · Cited by 38
Der „Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ)”: Deutsche Adaption und Validitäten
Graser, J., Bohn, C., Kelava, A., Schreiber, F., Hofmann, S. G., & Stangier, U. (2012) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000056 · Cited by 47
Self-citationChiu, H. T., Yee, L. T. S., Kwan, J. L. Y., Cheung, R. Y. M., & Hou, W. K. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1580712 · Cited by 45
Effects of mindfulness, reappraisal, and suppression on sad mood and cognitive resources
Keng, S., Tan, E. L. Y., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Smoski, M. J. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.006 · Cited by 42
Li, P., Wang, W., Fan, C., Zhu, C.-B., Li, S.-X., Zhang, Z., Qi, Z., & Luo, W. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12983-3 · Cited by 40
Svaldi, J., Dorn, C., Matthies, S., & Philipsen, A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.030 · Cited by 37
“Given the large number of laboratory studies documenting the detrimental effects of expressive suppression (Gross, 1998, 2002, 2008; Hofmann et al., 2009) and beneficial effects of acceptance (Baer, 2003; Grossman et al.”
BackgroundChiupka, C. A., Moscovitch, D. A., & Bielak, T. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.8.783 · Cited by 41
Gao, Z., & Yang, Y. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102958 · Cited by 37
Breuninger, C., Sláma, D. M., Krämer, M., Schmitz, J., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9814-9 · Cited by 33
“It is also possible that the two strategies contrasted in our study (reappraisal and suppression) are not sufficient to cover the complexity of ER in the context of anxiety, where emotional acceptance, for example, is also supposed to play an important role (Hofmann et al. 2009).”
ResultThe effects of emotion regulation on the desire to overeat in restrained eaters
Svaldi, J., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., Lackner, H. K., Zimmermann, S., & Naumann, E. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.016 · Cited by 34
Xiao, J., & Tian, G. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15076125 · Cited by 36
“By contrast, suppression, rumination, and avoidance lead to or maintain negative emotions like anxiety and depression [39–41].”
BackgroundMethodWestermann, S., Rief, W., & Lincoln, T. M. (2012) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12000 · Cited by 35
Mathewson, K. J., Schmidt, L. A., Miskovic, V., Santesso, D. L., Duku, E., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Moscovitch, D. A. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.016 · Cited by 34
Self-Acceptance of Negative Emotions: The Positive Relationship With Effective Cognitive Reappraisal
Kivity, Y., Tamir, M., & Huppert, J. D. (2016) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct_2016_09_10 · Cited by 37
Brites, R., Brandão, T., Hipólito, J., Jiménez-Ros, A. M., & Nunes, O. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23055 · Cited by 50
Effects of Mindful Acceptance and Reappraisal Training on Maladaptive Beliefs About Rumination
Keng, S., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0480-x · Cited by 40
“…acceptance and reappraisal (used as an antecedent-focused strategy) in downregulating subjective and physiological indicators of negative affect (Hofmann et al. 2009; Wolgast et al. 2011), with some studies finding a benefit for reappraisal over acceptance (Hofmann et al. 2009; Szasz et al.…”
InfluentialContentment and tranquility: Exploring their similarities and differences
Berenbaum, H., Huang, A. B., & Flores, L. E. (2018) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2018.1484938 · Cited by 35
MINDFULNESS SEBAGAI STRATEGI REGULASI EMOSI
Yusainy, C., Nurwanti, R., Dharmawan, I. R. J., Andari, R., Mahmudah, M. U., Tiyas, R. R., Husnaini, B. H. M., & Anggono, C. O. (2019) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.14710/jp.17.2.174-188 · Cited by 57
Beyond acceptance and commitment therapy: Process-based therapy
Ong, C. W., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2020) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-020-00397-z · Cited by 32
Specific emotion and momentary emotion regulation in adolescence and early adulthood.
Smith, M. R., Seldin, K., Galtieri, L. R., Alawadhi, Y. T., Lengua, L. J., & King, K. M. (2022) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001127 · Cited by 40
Oglesby, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.01.005 · Cited by 40
Emotion Regulation in Social Anxiety Disorder
Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Social Anxiety · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00017-0 · Cited by 31
Yan, C., Ding, Q., Wang, Y., Wu, M., Gao, T., & Liu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935007 · Cited by 34
“The reduction in the subjective ratings of sadness via down-regulation reappraisal is consistent with many previous studies on negative emotions (involving disgust, anxiety, and anger) (Goldin et al., 2008; Ray et al., 2008; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultHittner, E. F., Rim, K. L., & Haase, C. M. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000539 · Cited by 36
“Reappraisal has been widely linked to lower anxiety (e.g., Campbell-Sills et al., 2014; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMonachesi, B., Grecucci, A., Ghomroudi, P. A., & Messina, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1187092 · Cited by 38
“When comparing their efficacy in reducing short-term negative emotions, reappraisal was generally found to be slightly superior to acceptance in most cases (Hofmann et al., 2009; Szasz et al., 2011; Smoski et al., 2015; Troy et al., 2018; Goldin et al., 2019), although other studies found no significant differences (W…”
BackgroundPark, I. J. K., Sulaiman, C., Schwartz, S. J., Kim, S. Y., Ham, L. S., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2011) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023183 · Cited by 31
Whittall, H., Kahn, M., Pillion, M., & Gradisar, M. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.042 · Cited by 31
Gong, L., Li, W., Zhang, D., & Rost, D. H. (2015) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1042462 · Cited by 31
“Most studies focus only on the differences between reappraisal and suppression, while only a few include acceptance in their comparison (Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEmotional coherence in early and later adulthood during sadness reactivity and regulation.
Lohani, M., Payne, B. R., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000345 · Cited by 32
认知重评和表达抑制情绪调节策略的脑网络分析：来自EEG和ERP的证据
Yan, S. U. N., Bo, S., & Lv, J. (2019) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00012 · Cited by 30
Sex-Specific Relationships Between Interoceptive Accuracy and Emotion Regulation
Lischke, A., Pahnke, R., Mau‐Moeller, A., Jacksteit, R., & Weippert, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00067 · Cited by 32
VanLandingham, H. B., Ellison, R. L., Laique, A., Cladek, A., Khan, H. M., Gonzalez, C., & Dunn, M. R. (2021) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2021.1947388 · Cited by 35
“Mitigation techniques would include such strategies as reappraisal (Hofmann et al., 2009), self-affirmation (Bratter et al., 2016; Schmiel et al., 2004), and mindfulness (Weger et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPavlov, S. V., Reva, N. V., Валерьевич, Л. К., Tumyalis, A. V., Викторович, К. В., & Aftanas, L. I. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12159 · Cited by 30
Wu, J., Zhu, L., Dong, X., Sun, Z., Cai, K., Shi, Y., & Chen, A. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12091210 · Cited by 32
Anxiety-related constructs mediate the relation between age and health anxiety
Gerolimatos, L. A., & Edelstein, B. A. (2012) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.688192 · Cited by 28
“Studies have shown that suppression is not effective in reducing anxiety (Gross & John, 2003), and using suppression can actually increase anxious arousal (Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundNoguchi, R., Sekizawa, Y., So, M., Yamaguchi, S., & Shimizu, E. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1248-8 · Cited by 25
“However, the longterm effects of emotional acceptance are unclear [16, 17].”
BackgroundThe effect of affect: How affective style determines attitudes towards the EU
Nielsen, J. H. (2017) · European Union Politics · doi:10.1177/1465116517741380 · Cited by 27
“Consequently, adjusting individuals are found to be the most effective in moderating anxiety (Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialHalvari, A. E. M., Halvari, H., & Deci, E. L. (2019) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12583 · Cited by 30
Validation of an Emotion Regulation Training Program on Mental Well-Being
LeBlanc, S., Uzun, B., Aydemir, A., & Mohiyeddini, C. (2019) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119878399 · Cited by 27
A practitioner study on the implementation of strategy instruction for boredom regulation
Nakamura, S., Darasawang, P., & Reinders, H. (2021) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688211010272 · Cited by 31
“…regulation strategies and has been shown to have numerous positive effects in various fields, including better handling negative emotions (Brooks, 2014; Hofmann, Heering, Sawyer, & Asnaani, 2009), enhanced memory (Hayes et al, 2010; Richards & Gross, 2000), and well-being (Gross & John, 2002).”
BackgroundNew Directions in Virtual Reality-Based Therapy for Anxiety Disorders
David, D., Matu, S.-A., & David, O. A. (2013) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2013.6.2.114 · Cited by 25
Zhao, X., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2024.2391377 · Cited by 26
“In some cases, people regulate their emotions by avoidance, suppression, or acceptance, too (Hofmann et al., 2009).”
Pan, D., Wang, Y., & Li, X. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000471 · Cited by 25
The regulation of recurrent negative emotion in the aftermath of a lost election
Mehta, A., Formanowicz, M., Uusberg, A., Uusberg, H., Gross, J. J., & Suri, G. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1682970 · Cited by 26
Schilling, V. N. L. S., Zimmermann, D., Rubel, J. A., Boyle, K. S., & Lutz, W. (2020) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02664-6 · Cited by 27
Turner, M. J., Wood, A. G., Boatwright, D., Chadha, N. J., Jones, J. K., & Bennett, R. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1871524 · Cited by 27
“Acceptance strategies have been shown to reduce subjective distress (Hofmann et al., 2009) and associated psychophysiological responses (Wolgast et al.”
Instructed reappraisal and cardiovascular habituation to recurrent stress
Griffin, S. M., & Howard, S. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13783 · Cited by 23
Zsido, A. N., Varadi-Borbas, B., & Arató, N. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03174-6 · Cited by 28
“In contrast, positive reappraisal could help people to cope with such fears (see also [77]).”
BackgroundWang, D., Hu, T., Luo, R., Shen, Q.-Q., Wang, Y., Li, X., Jiang, Q., Zhu, L., Cui, L., & Yin, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.860817 · Cited by 33
Hartanto, A., Wong, J., Lua, V. Y. Q., Tng, G. Y. Q., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., & Majeed, N. M. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941221135476 · Cited by 33
“There are many emotion regulation strategies, and each can be either adaptive or maladaptive in altering the experience or expression of emotions in order to achieve a goal (Aldao et al., 2010; Gross, 2002; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundO'Toole, M. S., Mennin, D. S., Hougaard, E., Zachariae, R., & Rosenberg, N. K. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1926 · Cited by 24
Li, G., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13030250 · Cited by 29
“This suggests that, to some extent, ES will not only not release negative emotions, but may also increase bad emotions and damage the individual’s physical and psychological health [60].”
BackgroundA Theoretic Review of Emotion Regulation
Chen, H. (2016) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2016.42020 · Cited by 25
“After causing anxiety in the lab, using the guide language to guide the subjects to use the above three kinds of emotion regulation strategies to reduce anxiety, results show that the use of expression suppression strategy subjects in negative emotion and physiological reaction is the highest; using cognitive reapprai…”
BackgroundMethodRegulating the blink: Cognitive reappraisal modulates attention
Adam, R., Schönfelder, S., Forneck, J., & Wessa, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00143 · Cited by 22
“Reappraisal successfully modulates behavioral responses to emotional stimuli (Foti and Hajcak, 2008; Kanske et al., 2011; McRae et al., 2012a; Schönfelder et al., 2013), as well as physiological measurements such as heart rate (Hofmann et al., 2009) and skin conductance level (McRae et al., 2012a).”
BackgroundInfluentialSakakibara, R. (2015) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.23.46 · Cited by 23
Navarro, J., Vara, M. D., Cebolla, A., & Baños, R. M. (2018) · Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes · doi:10.21134/rpcna.2018.05.1.1 · Cited by 24
Regulation of Emotions Under Stress
Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., & Mauss, I. B. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0036 · Cited by 26
“Second, nonjudgment is characterized by appraising one's emotions (including negative ones) as nonthreatening experiences that are passing events rather than reflections of permanent reality (Hayes & Wilson, 2003).”
BackgroundMaalouf, E., Hallit, S. R., Salameh, P., & Hosseini, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1097873 · Cited by 24
The influence of hatha yoga on stress, anxiety, and suppression: A randomized controlled trial
Szaszkó, B., Schmid, R. R., Pomper, U., Maiworm, M., Laiber, S., Tschenett, H., Nater, U. M., & Ulrich Ansorge, A. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104075 · Cited by 32
(2014) · Teesside University Research Portal (Teesside University) · Cited by 22
Kennedy, S. M., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9581-7 · Cited by 23
“2006; Gross 1998), increased heart rate while performing a speech task (Hofmann et al. 2009), and increased negative affect while recalling distressing personal memories (Dalgleish et al.”
BackgroundEffects of Creative Thinking and Its Personality Determinants on Negative Emotion Regulation
Chiu, F.-C., Hsu, C.-C., Lin, Y.-N., Liu, C.-H., Chen, H.-C., & Lin, C.-H. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118775973 · Cited by 23
Does collectivism act as a protective factor for depression in Russia?
Knyazev, G. G., Kuznetsova, V. B., Savostyanov, A. N., & Дорошева, Е. А. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.066 · Cited by 25
Gottschalk, J.-M., Bleichhardt, G., Kleinstäuber, M., Berking, M., & Rief, W. (2015) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000371526 · Cited by 17
Neural substrates of cognitive emotion regulation: a brief review
Öner, S. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2017.1407563 · Cited by 20
Xu, M., Tachibana, T., Suzuki, N., Hoshino, E., Terasawa, Y., Miki, N., & Minagawa‐Kawai, Y. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108172 · Cited by 20
Ghomroudi, P. A., Scaltritti, M., & Grecucci, A. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01076-6 · Cited by 22
“Also, reappraisal has been long considered a protective factor over anxiety disorders (Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundNeural Basis of Anticipatory Anxiety Reappraisals
Yoshimura, S., Okamoto, Y., Yoshino, A., Kobayakawa, M., Machino, A., & Yamawaki, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102836 · Cited by 20
“This form of emotion regulation is emphasized in cognitive behavioral therapy [6].”
BackgroundLischke, A., Weippert, M., Mau‐Moeller, A., Päschke, S., Jacksteit, R., Hamm, A. O., & Pahnke, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.01040 · Cited by 23
Emotion-Regulation in Psychosis: Patients with Psychotic Disorders Apply Reappraisal Successfully
Opoka, S. M., Sundag, J., Riehle, M., & Lincoln, T. M. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10163-8 · Cited by 20
Gallego, A. G., Pérez, A. M., Fernández, V., Alcántara-López, M., & Sáez, M. C. (2021) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v19i53.3425 · Cited by 22
Beblo, T., Scheulen, C., Fernando, S. C., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., Rodewald, K., & Drießen, M. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000063 · Cited by 20
Newer Generations of CBT for Anxiety Disorders
Twohig, M. P., Woidneck, M. R., & Crosby, J. M. (2013) · CBT for Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1002/9781118330043.ch9 · Cited by 19
Wang, F., Wang, C., Yin, Q., Wang, K., Li, D., Mao, M., Zhu, C., & Huang, Y. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01604 · Cited by 22
Beyond positive and negative trait affect: Flourishing through music engagement
Chin, T., & Rickard, N. S. (2014) · Psychology of Well-Being Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s13612-014-0025-4 · Cited by 18
“While these strategies are the most commonly researched in the literature (Gross and John, 2003; Hofmann et al., 2009), future research will need to investigate if the current findings also apply to other types of regulation strategies.”
BackgroundAcceptance-Based Emotion Regulation Reduces Subjective and Physiological Pain Responses
Haspert, V., Wieser, M. J., Pauli, P., & Reicherts, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01514 · Cited by 21
Wang, S.-M., Lee, H.-K., Kweon, Y.-S., Lee, C. T., Chae, J.-H., Kim, J.-J., & Lee, K.-U. (2016) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.01.003 · Cited by 17
“Emotional acceptance can also decrease self-reported negative affect and physiologic response during emotional provocation [20,21].”
BackgroundTsujimoto, M., Saito, T., Matsuzaki, Y., Kojima, R., & Kawashima, R. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119334 · Cited by 19
“Compared with other strategies, the Response Modulation strategy in negative emotion regulation increases the cognitive and physiological load (Hofmann et al., 2010; Keng et al., 2017).”
MethodSpangler, D. P., & Friedman, B. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00043 · Cited by 19
“Persistent anxiety and its attentional deficits are often treated with interventions that target the enhancement of emotion regulation (ER) skills that rely on WM (e.g., cognitive restructuring; Beck, 1979; Hofmann and Asmundson, 2008; Hofmann et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBalzarotti, S., Chiarella, V., & Ciceri, M. R. (2017) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000231 · Cited by 17
“Hofmann et al. (2009) asked participants to give an impromptu 10-min speech in front of a video camera about three controversial topics.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Heering, S., Sawyer, A. T., & Asnaani, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 389-394
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2674518
- OpenAlex
- W2030217702
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 25.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH078308)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, expressive suppression, anxious arousal, heart rate, subjective anxiety, speaking anxiety, physiological arousal
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Arousal, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Repression, Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Young Adult
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