Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in College Athletes: A Preliminary Exploration of Daily Savoring, Acceptance, and Cognitive Reappraisal
Open accessAbstract
Background Despite increasing interest in positive psychological states, we know little about how regulatory responses to positive (savoring) compared to negative events (e.g. acceptance, cognitive reappraisal) influence emotional functioning. Savoring may be particularly helpful for athletes who are often trained to attend more to negative (e.g. rectifying weaknesses) compared to positive stimuli (e.g. enjoying progress).Methods Sixty-seven college athletes completed a two-week daily diary study. Using multi-level modeling, we first explored whether various regulatory responses to daily negative events predicted unique variance in daily emotions (i.e. happy, content, grateful, sad, angry, annoyed). Next, we tested whether savoring positive events strengthened the association between event intensity and positive daily emotions. Finally, we tested whether regulatory responses to positive compared to negative events had stronger moderating (buffering) effects on the association between daily negative event intensity and daily emotions.Results Based on 836 daily observations, reappraising and accepting negative events were the only strategies that predicted unique variance in daily emotions. Savoring enhanced positive emotions related to positive events. Reappraising negative events buffered associations between negative event intensity and decreased daily gratitude, while savoring positive events buffered associations between negative event intensity and increased anger, annoyance, and average negative emotions. Accepting negative events had similar effects.Conclusions Savoring positive events may be an underappreciated strategy for helping athletes regulate emotions related to negative events. Since our sample predominantly identified as white and female, further research is needed to understand savoring use and effectiveness among the full, diverse spectrum of college athletes.
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Research on cognitive reappraisal in daily life suggests it may lead to greater positive affect and help buffer the impact of negative events, but effects are often variable depending on factors such as age, level of symptoms, and type of situation.
“Research on cognitive reappraisal in daily life suggests it may lead to greater positive affect (Brans et al., 2013; Brockman et al., 2016) and help buffer the impact of negative events (Doorley & Kashdan, 2021); however, the effects of reappraisal are often variable depending on factors such as age (Brockman et al., 2016), level of symptoms (Farmer & Kashdan, 2012), and type of situation”
From Effects of Cognitive Restructuring and Defusion for Coping with Difficult Thoughts in a Predominantly White Female College Student Sample (2022) · cites this paper as Doorley & Kashdan, 2021
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Sahdra, B. K., Brockman, R. N., Hayes, S. C., Hofmann, S. G., Kashdan, T. B., & Ciarrochi, J. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w4u7r · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation
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1 of the 117 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Boemo, T., Nieto, I., Vazquez, C., & Sanchez-Lopez, A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104747 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“relation between behavioral avoidance (Doorley and Kashdan, 2021) and daily positive affect.”
BackgroundCurrent Progress and Future Directions for Theory and Research on Savoring
Bryant, F. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.771698 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Tsujimoto, M., Saito, T., Matsuzaki, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00714-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Coping and emotion regulation: A conceptual and measurement scoping review.
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Testing the Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory in Daily Life
Sgherza, T. R., DeMarree, K. G., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01961-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
LaFreniere, L. S., & Newman, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102659 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Krafft, J., Klimczak, K. S., & Levin, M. E. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10242-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Emotion dysregulation, performance concerns, and mental health among Canadian athletes
Tamminen, K. A., Bonk, D., Milne, M. J., & Watson, J. C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86195-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The indirect effects of perfectionism on athletes’ self-views through maladaptive emotion regulation
Minichiello, H., Reasonover, M., & Fuglestad, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1373461 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Good times, bad times: A closer look at the relationship between savoring and self-compassion
Schellenberg, B. J. I., Semenchuk, B. N., Bailis, D. S., Strachan, S. M., & Quach, A. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111807 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The toll of the scroll: A path toward burnout
Pacewicz, C. E., & Mellano, K. T. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102681 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Online ACT Matrix Parent Training for Japanese-Speaking Mothers with Distress in the United States
Kurumiya, Y., García, Y., Griffith, A. K., & Szabo, T. G. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02477-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rosen, F. N., & LaFreniere, L. S. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102724 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Savoring Sport: Connections With Athlete Passion and Burnout
Schellenberg, B. J. I., Verner‐Filion, J., & Gaudreau, P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.2021-0031 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kim, J., Tamminen, K. A., Bissett, J. E., Danyluck, C. M., Wolf, S. A., McEwen, C. E., & Wagstaff, C. R. D. (2023) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2022.2161106 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chamizo‐Nieto, M. T., Arrivillaga, C., Hombrados, J. G., & Rey, L. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107751 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hu, J., Gan, Y., Li, Z., Li, X., Xu, T., Qiu, J., Wang, X., & Wei, D. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104645 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mineva, K. (2023) · Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology · doi:10.51865/jesp.2023.2.14 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mladenović, M., Stojanović, N., Stojanović, D., Živković, M., Aleksić, D., Tešanović, G., & Momčilović, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774732 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Grit-enhancing intervention: A systematic review
Gunawan, D. A. K., Widyarini, N., & Alsa, A. (2025) · International Journal of Psychology Sciences · doi:10.33545/26648377.2025.v7.i1b.76 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Zhao, Y., & Wang, P. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12090085 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Sexual Functioning in Sports Practitioners: A Pilot Study
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Mindfulness promotes pro-environmental behaviors to reduce single-use plastic pollution
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Using imagery for acceptance and wellbeing in sport
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Lay Beliefs About the Impact of Reminiscing About Sport Milestones on Future Performance
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Examining the use of experience sampling methods in sport psychology research: a scoping review
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The Role of Neuroplasticity in Well-Being
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- Authors
- Doorley, J. D., & Kashdan, T. B.
- Affiliations
- George Mason University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Doorley, James D.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2021-01-22
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 598-613
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC7821841
- OpenAlex
- W3123698791
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 5.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Collegiate Athletic Association
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, savoring, acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, college athletes, positive emotions, negative emotions, gratitude, anger, event intensity, daily emotions, buffering effect
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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