Modifying motor learning through gating and homeostatic metaplasticity
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex is involved at least in some forms of motor learning. Recent evidence showed that the extent of practice-dependent plasticity in the motor cortex can be purposefully enhanced by experimental manipulation. One way of improving motor learning is to transiently increase the excitability of the motor cortex during motor learning. This can be achieved by weakening the excitability of intracortical inhibitory circuits concurrently with practice. This principle is being referred to as "gating." Another strategy to boost learning is to decrease the threshold for induction of synaptic plasticity by lowering neuronal activity in the motor cortex before practice. This approach invokes homeostatic metaplasticity. Here we highlight how transcranial brain stimulation can exploit gating and homeostatic metaplasticity to enhance motor learning in healthy subjects and in patients after stroke.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
tDCS combined with cognitive training may yield larger and long-lasting functional improvements that modify the impaired system.
“yielding larger and long-lasting functional improvements that modify the impaired system (Cramer et al., 2011).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Ziemann and Siebner, 2008
Cites
Theta Burst Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex
Huang, Y.-Z., Edwards, M. J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K. P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.033 · Cited by 4,158 · see citing works
Bienenstock, E., Cooper, L., & Munro, P. (1982) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.02-01-00032.1982 · Cited by 2,896 · see citing works
Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system
Turrigiano, G. G., & Nelson, S. B. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1327 · Cited by 2,485 · see citing works
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
Abbott, L. F., & Nelson, S. B. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/81453 · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
Depression of motor cortex excitability by low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation
Chen, R., Classen, J., Gerloff, C., Celnik, P., Wassermann, E. M., Hallett, M., & Cohen, L. G. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.5.1398 · Cited by 2,128 · see citing works
Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat NMDA receptor
Moriyoshi, K., Masu, M., Ishii, T., Shigemoto, R., Mizuno, N., & Nakanishi, S. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/354031a0 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation
Stefan, K. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.3.572 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Responses to rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex
Pascual‐Leone, Á., Valls‐Solé, J., Wassermann, E. M., & Hallett, M. (1994) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/117.4.847 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works
Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke
Hummel, F. C. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh369 · Cited by 1,112 · see citing works
Nitsche, M. A., Schauenburg, A., Lang, N., Liebetanz, D., Exner, C., Paulus, W., & Tergau, F. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321662994 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Learning-Induced LTP in Neocortex
Rioult-Pedotti, M.-S., Friedman, D. J., & Donoghue, J. P. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5491.533 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Artola, A., Bröcher, S., & Singer, W. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/347069a0 · Cited by 880 · see citing works
Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke?
Hummel, F., & Cohen, L. (2006) · Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70525-7 · Cited by 858 · see citing works
Fregni, F., & Pascual-Leone, Á. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0530 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex
Muellbacher, W., Ziemann, U., Wissel, J., Dang, N., Kofler, M., Facchini, S., Boroojerdi, B., Poewe, W., & Hallett, M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature712 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscranial magnetic stimulation: new insights into representational cortical plasticity
Siebner, H. R., & Rothwell, J. C. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-002-1234-2 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Self-citationSiebner, H., Lang, N., Rizzo, V., Nitsche, M., Paulus, W., Lemon, R., & Rothwell, J. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5316-03.2004 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Self-citationStrengthening of horizontal cortical connections following skill learning
Rioult-Pedotti, M. S., Friedman, D. J., Hess, G., & Donoghue, J. P. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/678 · Cited by 703 · see citing works
Hebb and homeostasis in neuronal plasticity
Turrigiano, G. G., & Nelson, S. B. (2000) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00091-x · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Is there a future for therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation?
Ridding, M. C., & Rothwell, J. C. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2169 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Mechanisms Underlying Recovery of Motor Function After Stroke
Ward, N., & Cohen, L. G. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.12.1844 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Experience-dependent modification of synaptic plasticity in visual cortex
Kirkwood, A., Rioult, M., & Bear, M. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381526a0 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
A temporally asymmetric Hebbian rule governing plasticity in the human motor cortex.
Wolters, A., Sandbrink, F., Schlottmann, A., Kunesch, E., Stefan, K., Cohen, L., Benecke, R., & Classen, J. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00900.2002 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Nitsche, M. A., Liebetanz, D., Antal, A., Lang, N., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2003) · Supplements to Clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70230-2 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation of the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients
Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Mansur, C. G., Wagner, T., Ferreira, M. J. L., Lima, M. C., Rigonatti, S. P., Marcolin, M. A., Freedman, S. D., Nitsche, M. A., et al. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000177010.44602.5e · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Ziemann, U., Ilic, T. V., Pauli, C., Meintzschel, F., & Ruge, D. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5016-03.2004 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Self-citationModulation of practice-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex
Ziemann, U. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.6.1171 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Self-citationFregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Valle, A. C., Rocha, R. R., Duarte, J., Ferreira, M. J. L., Wagner, T., Fecteau, S., Rigonatti, S. P., Riberto, M., et al. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000231390.58967.6b · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Kim, Y., You, S. H., Ko, M.-H., Park, J., Lee, K. H., Jang, S. H., Yoo, W., & Hallett, M. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000221233.55497.51 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Deafferentation-Induced Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex
Ziemann, U., Hallett, M., & Cohen, L. G. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-17-07000.1998 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citationHess, G., Aizenman, C. D., & Donoghue, J. P. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.1765 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Iyer, M. B., Schleper, N., & Wassermann, E. M. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-34-10867.2003 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Modulation of Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex after Forearm Ischemic Nerve Block
Ziemann, U., Corwell, B., & Cohen, L. G. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-03-01115.1998 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Self-citationAntal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Kincses, T., Kruse, W., Hoffmann, K., & Paulus, W. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03367.x · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Lang, N., Siebner, H. R., Ernst, D., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., Lemon, R., & Rothwell, J. C. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.07.017 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term potentiation and long-term depression in the neocortex
Tsumoto, T. (1992) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(92)90011-3 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Task-specific hand dystonia: can too much plasticity be bad for you?
Quartarone, A., Siebner, H. R., & Rothwell, J. C. (2006) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.02.007 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring Theta Burst Stimulation as an intervention to improve motor recovery in chronic stroke
Talelli, P., Greenwood, R., & Rothwell, J. C. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.10.014 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Bidirectional synaptic plasticity: from theory to reality
Bear, M. F. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1255 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Improving Hand Function in Chronic Stroke
Muellbacher, W., Richards, C., Ziemann, U., Wittenberg, G. F., Weltz, D., Boroojerdi, B., Cohen, L. G., & Hallett, M. (2002) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.59.8.1278 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporary Occlusion of Associative Motor Cortical Plasticity by Prior Dynamic Motor Training
Stefan, K., Wycislo, M., Gentner, R., Schramm, A., Naumann, M. K., Reiners, K., & Claßen, J. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi116 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Rapid reversible modulation of human motor outputs after transient deafferentation of the forearm
Brasil-Neto, J. P., Cohen, L. G., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Jabir, F., Wall, R. T., & Hallett, M. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.7.1302 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Nitsche, M. A., Roth, A., Kuo, M., Fischer, A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5348-06.2007 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
TMS Induced Plasticity in Human Cortex
Ziemann, U. (2004) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2004.15.4.253 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancing Encoding of a Motor Memory in the Primary Motor Cortex By Cortical Stimulation
Bütefisch, C. M., Khurana, V., Kopylev, L., & Cohen, L. G. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01038.2003 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Chapter 26 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Paulus, W. (2003) · Supplements to Clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70229-6 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Müller, J. F. M., Orekhov, Y., Liu, Y., & Ziemann, U. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05603.x · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationDisruption of Primary Motor Cortex before Learning Impairs Memory of Movement Dynamics
Richardson, A. G., Overduin, S. A., Valero‐Cabré, A., Padoa‐Schioppa, C., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Bizzi, E., & Press, D. Z. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1139-06.2006 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Noninvasive brain stimulation in stroke rehabilitation
Webster, B. R., Celnik, P., & Cohen, L. (2006) · NeuroRx · doi:10.1016/j.nurx.2006.07.008 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Rapid modulation of GABA in sensorimotor cortex induced by acute deafferentation
Levy, L. M., Ziemann, U., Chen, R. E., & Cohen, L. G. (2002) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10372 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationThickbroom, G. W., Byrnes, M. L., Edwards, D. J., & Mastaglia, F. L. (2005) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.09.010 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Consolidation of Dynamic Motor Learning Is Not Disrupted by rTMS of Primary Motor Cortex
Baraduc, P., Lang, N., Rothwell, J. C., & Wolpert, D. M. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.033 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Stroke recovery can be enhanced by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
Lefaucheur, J. P. (2006) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2006.08.011 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Rosenkranz, K., Nitsche, M. A., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01621-9 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Lazzaro, V. D., Oliviero, A., Mazzone, P., Pilato, F., Saturno, E., Dileone, M., Insola, A., Tonali, P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2002) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-002-1223-5 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Paired associative stimulation.
Claßen, J., Wolters, A., Stefan, K., Wycislo, M., Sandbrink, F., Schmidt, A., & Kunesch, E. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Neural plasticity and recovery of function
Ward, N. (2005) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(05)50036-0 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Park, J., Ko, M.-H., Jang, S. H., & Lee, P. K. W. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.05.113 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Chapter 59 Paired associative stimulation
Claßen, J., Wolters, A., Stefan, K., Wycislo, M., Sandbrink, F., Schmidt, A., & Kunesch, E. (2004) · Supplements to Clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70395-2 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Does brain stimulation after stroke have a future?
Talelli, P., & Rothwell, J. C. (2006) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e32801080d1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Hand Motor Recovery After Stroke: Tuning the Orchestra to Improve Hand Motor Function
Fregni, F., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2006) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/00146965-200603000-00003 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Ragert, P., Dinse, H. R., Pleger, B., Wilimzig, C., Frombach, E., Schwenkreis, P., & Tegenthoff, M. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00745-6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Takano, B., Drzezga, A. E., Peller, M., Sax, I., Schwaiger, M., Lee, L., & Siebner, H. R. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.032 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationNoninvasive Cortical Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation: A Review
Harris-Love, M. L., & Cohen, L. G. (2006) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.330 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Elementary forms of synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex.
Kirkwood, A., & Bear, M. F. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Improving disability in stroke with RTMS
Ziemann, U. (2005) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70126-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationStimulation-Induced Within-Representation and Across-Representation Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex
Ziemann, U., Wittenberg, G. F., & Cohen, L. G. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-13-05563.2002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationMcNulty, P. A., Macefield, V. G., Taylor, J. L., & Hallett, M. (2002) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013200 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Karim, A., Schüler, A., Hegner, Y. L., Friedel, E., & Godde, B. (2006) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1577 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
rTMS combined with motor learning training in healthy subjects
Carey, J. R., Fregni, F., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2006) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2006-00345 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ziemann, U., Ilic, T. V., & Jung, P. (2006) · Supplements to Clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70007-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationChapter 28 Modulation of motor consolidation by external DC stimulation
Lang, N., Nitsche, M. A., Sommer, M., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2003) · Supplements to Clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70231-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain in stroke rehabilitation
Profice, P., Pilato, F., Dileone, M., Ranieri, F., Capone, F., Musumeci, G., Tonali, P., & di Lazzaro, V. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.3.249 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Monte-Silva, K. K., Kuo, M., Hessenthaler, S., Fresnoza, S. M., Liebetanz, D., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. A. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.011 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Ten years of theta burst stimulation in humans: Established knowledge, unknowns and prospects
Suppa, A., Huang, Y.-Z., Funke, K., Ridding, M. C., Cheeran, B., Di Lazzaro, V., Ziemann, U., & Rothwell, J. C. (2016) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.01.006 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Self-citationKuo, M.-F., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. A. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.117 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Rubia, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
“…improve task performance (Kuo and Nitsche, 2012), presumably via boosting training-induced plasticity through the addition of stimulation-induced plasticity (Ziemann and Siebner, 2008), yielding larger and long-lasting functional improvements that modify the impaired system (Cramer et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRandom Noise Stimulation Improves Neuroplasticity in Perceptual Learning
Fertonani, A., Pirulli, C., & Miniussi, C. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2002-11.2011 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Non-invasive transcranial ultrasound stimulation for neuromodulation
Darmani, G., Bergmann, T. O., Pauly, K. B., Caskey, C. F., de Lecea, L., Fomenko, A., Fouragnan, E. F., Legon, W., Murphy, K. R., Nandi, T., et al. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.12.010 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Simply longer is not better: reversal of theta burst after-effect with prolonged stimulation
Gamboa, O. L., Antal, A., Moliadze, V., & Paulus, W. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2293-4 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Reis, J., Robertson, E. M., Krakauer, J. W., Rothwell, J. C., Marshall, L., Gerloff, C. P., Wassermann, E. M., Pascual‐Leone, Á., Hummel, F. C., Celnik, P. A., et al. (2008) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2008.08.001 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationNettekoven, C., Volz, L. J., Kutscha, M., Pool, E.-M., Rehme, A. K., Eickhoff, S. B., Fink, G. R., & Grefkes, C. (2014) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4993-13.2014 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Karabanov, A. N., Ziemann, U., Hamada, M., George, M. S., Quartarone, A., Claßen, J., Massimini, M., Rothwell, J. C., & Siebner, H. R. (2015) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.404 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-invasive brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation: local and distant effects for motor recovery
Liew, S., Santarnecchi, E., Buch, E. R., & Cohen, L. G. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00378 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Veniero, D., Vossen, A. Y., Groß, J., & Thut, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00477 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Brain State-Dependent Brain Stimulation
Bergmann, T. O. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02108 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Homeostatic and Nonhomeostatic Modulation of Learning in Human Motor Cortex
Jung, P., & Ziemann, U. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0222-09.2009 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationNon-invasive brain stimulation in neurological diseases
Schulz, R., Gerloff, C. P., & Hummel, F. C. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.016 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Motor Priming in Neurorehabilitation
Stoykov, M. E., & Madhavan, S. (2014) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000065 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Modulation of cortical inhibition by rTMS – findings obtained from animal models
Funke, K., & Benali, A. (2011) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.206573 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Karabanov, A. N., Ziemann, U., Hamada, M., George, M. S., Quartarone, A., Claßen, J., Massimini, M., Rothwell, J. C., & Siebner, H. R. (2015) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.017 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding and enhancing motor recovery after stroke using transcranial magnetic stimulation
Hoyer, E. H., & Celnik, P. A. (2011) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2011-0611 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Benwell, C., Learmonth, G., Miniussi, C., Harvey, M., & Thut, G. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.05.007 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Interaction With Task-induced Activity is More Important Than Polarization: A tDCS Study
Bortoletto, M., Pellicciari, M. C., Rodella, C., & Miniussi, C. (2014) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.11.006 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Dynamic modulation of intrinsic functional connectivity by transcranial direct current stimulation
Sehm, B., Schäfer, A., Kipping, J., Margulies, D. S., Conde, V., Taubert, M., Villringer, A., & Ragert, P. (2012) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00606.2012 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Enhancing verbal episodic memory in older and young subjects after non-invasive brain stimulation
Manenti, R., Brambilla, M., Petesi, M., Ferrari, C., & Cotelli, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00049 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Vaseghi, B., Zoghi, M., & Jaberzadeh, S. J. (2014) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.01.020 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Broeder, S., Nackaerts, E., Heremans, E., Vervoort, G., Meesen, R., Verheyden, G., & Nieuwboer, A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.010 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Delayed plastic responses to anodal tDCS in older adults
Fujiyama, H., Hyde, J., Hinder, M. R., Kim, S., McCormack, G. H., Vickers, J. C., & Summers, J. J. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00115 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Guerra, A., Suppa, A., Bologna, M., D’Onofrio, V., Bianchini, E., Brown, P., Lazzaro, V. D., & Berardelli, A. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.03.015 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Impact of repetitive theta burst stimulation on motor cortex excitability
Gamboa, O. L., Antal, A., Laczo, B., Moliadze, V., Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2011) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2010.09.008 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Altered Bidirectional Plasticity and Reduced Implicit Motor Learning in Concussed Athletes
De Beaumont, L., Tremblay, S., Poirier, J., Lassonde, M., & Theoret, H. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr096 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Promotes Gait Training in Parkinson Disease
Chung, C. L. H., Mak, K. Y., & Hallett, M. (2020) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25881 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Volz, L. J., Benali, A., Mix, A., Neubacher, U., & Funke, K. (2013) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.01.008 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Timing-dependent priming effects of tDCS on ankle motor skill learning
Sriraman, A., Oishi, T., & Madhavan, S. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.021 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Transcranial brain stimulation: closing the loop between brain and stimulation
Karabanov, A. N., Thielscher, A., & Siebner, H. R. (2016) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000342 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationBaptista, A. F., Fernandes, A. M., Sá, K. N., Okano, A. H., Brunoni, A. R., Lara-Solares, A., Iskandar, A. J., Guerrero, C., Amescua-García, C., Kraychete, D. C., et al. (2019) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000692 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Thirugnanasambandam, N., Sparing, R., Dafotakis, M., Meister, I., Paulus, W., Nitsche, M., & Fink, G. (2011) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2011-0601 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Short- and long-lasting tinnitus relief induced by transcranial direct current stimulation
Garin, P., Gilain, C., Damme, J. V., de Fays, K., Jamart, J., Ossemann, M., & Vandermeeren, Y. (2011) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6037-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The timing of cognitive plasticity in physiological aging: a tDCS study of naming
Fertonani, A., Brambilla, M., Cotelli, M., & Miniussi, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00131 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of repetitive magnetic stimulation
Müller‐Dahlhaus, F., & Vlachos, A. (2013) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2013.00050 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review
Rubia, K., Westwood, S. J., Aggensteiner, P.-M., & Brandeis, D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082156 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
GABA—from Inhibition to Cognition: Emerging Concepts
Schmidt‐Wilcke, T., Fuchs, E., Funke, K., Vlachos, A., Müller‐Dahlhaus, F., Puts, N. A. J., Harris, R. E., & Edden, R. A. E. (2017) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858417734530 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Mainberger, F., Jung, N. H., Zenker, M., Wahlländer, U., Freudenberg, L., Langer, S., Berweck, S., Winkler, T., Straube, A. M., Heinen, F., et al. (2013) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-131 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Primary motor cortical metaplasticity induced by priming over the supplementary motor area
Hamada, M., Hanajima, R., Terao, Y., Okabe, S., Nakatani‐Enomoto, S., Furubayashi, T., Matsumoto, H., Shirota, Y., Ohminami, S., & Ugawa, Y. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179101 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Scholz, D. S., Rohde, S., Nikmaram, N., Brückner, H.-P., Großbach, M., Rollnik, J. D., & ALTENMÜLLER, E. O. (2016) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00106 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Neuroenhancement through cognitive training and anodal tDCS in multiple sclerosis
Mattioli, F., Bellomi, F., Stampatori, C., Capra, R., & Miniussi, C. (2016) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458515587597 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Bai, Z., & Fong, K. N. K. (2022) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.037870 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Mix, A., Benali, A., Eysel, U. T., & Funke, K. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07425.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Effects of beta-tACS on corticospinal excitability: A meta-analysis.
Wischnewski, M., Schutter, D., & Nitsche, M. (2019) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.023 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Non-pharmacological intervention for memory decline
Cotelli, M., Manenti, R., Zanetti, O., & Miniussi, C. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00046 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Mastroeni, C., Bergmann, T. O., Rizzo, V., Ritter, C., Klein, C., Pohlmann, I., Brüggemann, N., Quartarone, A., & Siebner, H. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057957 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationBergmann, T. O., Groppa, S., Seeger, M., Mölle, M., Marshall, L., & Siebner, H. R. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00437.2009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationIs neural hyperpolarization by cathodal stimulation always detrimental at the behavioral level?
Pirulli, C., Fertonani, A., & Miniussi, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00226 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Nozari, N., Woodard, K. A., & Thompson‐Schill, S. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084338 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The application of tDCS for the treatment of psychiatric diseases
Kuo, M., Chen, P., & Nitsche, M. (2017) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1286299 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Brain–robot interface driven plasticity: Distributed modulation of corticospinal excitability
Kraus, D., Naros, G., Bauer, R. H., Leão, M. T., Ziemann, U., & Gharabaghi, A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.074 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscranial stimulation and cognition
Miniussi, C., & Ruzzoli, M. (2013) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53497-2.00056-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
García-González, S., Lugo‐Marín, J., Setién-Ramos, I., Gisbert, L., Arteaga-Henríquez, G., Villoria, E. D., & Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.017 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
No Effects of Bilateral tDCS over Inferior Frontal Gyrus on Response Inhibition and Aggression
Dambacher, F., Schuhmann, T., Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A. R., Brugman, S., & Sack, A. T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132170 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Promoting Motor Cortical Plasticity with Acute Aerobic Exercise: A Role for Cerebellar Circuits
Mang, C. S., Brown, K. E., Neva, J. L., Snow, N. J., Campbell, K. L., & Boyd, L. A. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/6797928 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Carey, L., Walsh, A., Adikari, A., Goodin, P., Alahakoon, D., De Silva, D., Ong, K.-L., Nilsson, M., & Boyd, L. (2019) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2019/5232374 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Enhanced Motor Learning Following Task-Concurrent Dual Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Karok, S., & Witney, A. G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085693 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Preconditioning tDCS facilitates subsequent tDCS effect on skill acquisition in older adults
Fujiyama, H., Hinder, M. R., Barzideh, A., de Vijver, C. V., Badache, A. C., Manrique-C, M. N., Reißig, P., Zhang, X., Levin, O., Summers, J. J., et al. (2016) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.012 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Delvendahl, I., Jung, N. H., Mainberger, F., Kuhnke, N. G., Cronjaeger, M., & Mall, V. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.09.034 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cosentino, G., Fierro, B., Paladino, P., Talamanca, S., Vigneri, S., Palermo, A., Giglia, G., & Brighina, F. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07939.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Hoornweder, S. V., Vanderzande, L., Bloemers, E., Verstraelen, S., Depestele, S., Cuypers, K., van Dun, K., Strouwen, C., & Meesen, R. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.015 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation
Cabral, M. E. G. D. S., Baltar, A., dos Santos, R. B. C., Galvão, S. C. B., dos Santos, L. O., Fregni, F., & Monte-Silva, K. K. (2015) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000397 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Variability in Response to Quadripulse Stimulation of the Motor Cortex
Nakamura, K., Groiss, S. J., Hamada, M., Enomoto, H., Kadowaki, S., Abe, M., Murakami, T., Wiratman, W., Chang, F.-Y., Kobayashi, S., et al. (2016) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.01.008 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Player, M. J., Taylor, J. L., Alonzo, A., & Loo, C. K. A. (2012) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.03.081 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A primer on priming the human motor cortex
Siebner, H. R. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.12.009 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationTime-course of changes in neuronal activity markers following iTBS-TMS of the rat neocortex
Hoppenrath, K., & Funke, K. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Inducing Homeostatic-Like Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex Through Converging Corticocortical Inputs
Pötter‐Nerger, M., Fischer, S., Mastroeni, C., Groppa, S., Deuschl, G., Volkmann, J., Quartarone, A., Münchau, A. M., & Siebner, H. R. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91046.2008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationSandrini, M., Manenti, R., Brambilla, M., Cobelli, C., Cohen, L. G., & Cotelli, M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.12.010 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
LTD-like plasticity of the human primary motor cortex can be reversed by γ-tACS
Guerra, A., Suppa, A., Asci, F., Marco, G. D., D’Onofrio, V., Bologna, M., Lazzaro, V. D., & Berardelli, A. (2019) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.06.029 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lloréns, R., Calderón, M. A. F., Borrego, A., Latorre, J., Alcañíz, M., Colomer, C., & Noé, E. (2021) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00896-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Cerebellar—premotor cortex interactions underlying visuomotor adaptation
Tzvi, E., Koeth, F., Karabanov, A. N., Siebner, H. R., & Krämer, U. M. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117142 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, J., Li, G., Deng, L., Mamtilahun, M., Jiang, L., Qiu, W., Zheng, H., Sun, J., Xie, Q., & Yang, G. (2021) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2020.0623 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effects of single-session transcranial direct current stimulation on reactive response inhibition
Friehs, M. A., Frings, C., & Hartwigsen, G. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.013 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Quadripulse stimulation – A new patterned rTMS
Hamada, M., & Ugawa, Y. (2010) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2010-0564 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Interaction Between Simultaneously Applied Neuromodulatory Interventions in Humans
Schabrun, S. M., Chipchase, L. S., Zipf, N., Thickbroom, G. W., & Hodges, P. W. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hassanzahraee, M., Zoghi, M., & Jaberzadeh, S. J. (2018) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2017-0111 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mishra, R. K., & Thrasher, T. A. (2020) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.11.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Short-term and long-term plasticity interaction in human primary motor cortex
Iezzi, E., Suppa, A., Conte, A., Voti, P. L., Bologna, M., & Berardelli, A. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07674.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Abnormal experimentally- and behaviorally-induced LTP-like plasticity in focal hand dystonia
Belvisi, D., Suppa, A., Marsili, L., Stasio, F. D., Parvez, A. K., Agostino, R., Fabbrini, G., & Berardelli, A. (2012) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Direct-current-dependent shift of theta-burst-induced plasticity in the human motor cortex
Hasan, A., Hamada, M., Nitsche, M. A., Ruge, D., Galea, J. M., Wobrock, T., & Rothwell, J. C. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2968-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Kraus, D., Naros, G., Guggenberger, R., Leão, M. T., Ziemann, U., & Gharabaghi, A. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2893-17.2017 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationFrancis, M., Hummer, T. A., Vohs, J. L., Yung, M. G., Visco, A. C., Mehdiyoun, N. F., Kulig, T. C., Um, M., Yang, Z., Motamed, M., et al. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9902-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The continuum between neurodegeneration, brain plasticity, and movement: a critical appraisal
Schirinzi, T., Canevelli, M., Suppa, A., Bologna, M., & Marsili, L. (2020) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2020-0011 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Perellón‐Alfonso, R., Kralik, M., Pileckyte, I., Prinčič, M., Bon, J., Matzhold, C., Fischer, B., Šlahorová, P., Pirtošek, Z., Rothwell, J. C., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14077 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Altered Synaptic Plasticity in Tourette's Syndrome and Its Relationship to Motor Skill Learning
Brandt, V. C., Nießen, E., Ganos, C., Kahl, U., Bäumer, T., & Münchau, A. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098417 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sczesny-Kaiser, M., Beckhaus, K., Dinse, H. R., Schwenkreis, P., Tegenthoff, M., & Höffken, O. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00116 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cao, N., Pi, Y., Liu, K., Meng, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Wu, Y., & Tan, X. (2018) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.032 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Christova, M., Rafolt, D., & Gallasch, E. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.028 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lee, M.-N., Kim, S. E., Kim, W. S., Lee, J., Yoo, H., Park, K., Choi, K.-G., Jeong, S.-Y., Kim, B. G., & Lee, H.-W. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057690 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Furlan, L., Conforto, A. B., Cohen, L. G., & Sterr, A. (2015) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/8176217 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cross-education of muscular strength is facilitated by homeostatic plasticity
Frazer, A. K., Williams, J., Spittle, M., & Kidgell, D. J. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3538-8 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Jin, M., Zhang, Z., Bai, Z., & Fong, K. N. K. (2019) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2019.116436 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Priming sensorimotor cortex to enhance task-specific training after subcortical stroke
Ackerley, S. J., Stinear, C. M., Barber, P. A., & Byblow, W. D. (2013) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.11.020 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kačar, A., Filipović, S. R., Kresojević, N. D., Milanović, S., Ljubisavljević, M., Kostić, V., & Rothwell, J. C. (2012) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Goldsworthy, M. R., Pitcher, J. B., & Ridding, M. C. (2012) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.06.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cameron, I. G. M., Riddle, J., & D’Esposito, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00613 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
López-Alonso, V., Liew, S., Fernández‐del‐Olmo, M., Cheeran, B., Sandrini, M., Abe, M., & Cohen, L. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00253 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ziemann, U., & Siebner, H. R.
- Affiliations
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ziemann, Ulf
- Venue
- Brain Stimulation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 60-66
- ISSN
- 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-861X
- OpenAlex
- W2031034560
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 0.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- motor learning, motor cortex, synaptic plasticity, gating, intracortical inhibition, cortical excitability, transcranial brain stimulation, stroke rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- Stroke Rehabilitation, Homeostasis, Humans, Learning, Motor Activity, Motor Cortex, Neuronal Plasticity, Stroke, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review