Ventilation and air cleaning to limit aerosol particle concentrations in a gym during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
SARS-CoV-2 can spread by close contact through large droplet spray and indirect contact via contaminated objects. There is mounting evidence that it can also be transmitted by inhalation of infected saliva aerosol particles. These particles are generated when breathing, talking, laughing, coughing or sneezing. It can be assumed that aerosol particle concentrations should be kept low in order to minimize the potential risk of airborne virus transmission. This paper presents measurements of aerosol particle concentrations in a gym, where saliva aerosol production is pronounced. 35 test persons performed physical exercise and aerosol particle concentrations, CO2 concentrations, air temperature and relative humidity were obtained in the room of 886 m³. A separate test was used to discriminate between human endogenous and exogenous aerosol particles. Aerosol particle removal by mechanical ventilation and mobile air cleaning units was measured. The gym test showed that ventilation with air-change rate ACH = 2.2 h−1, i.e. 4.5 times the minimum of the Dutch Building Code, was insufficient to stop the significant aerosol concentration rise over 30 min. Air cleaning alone with ACH = 1.39 h−1 had a similar effect as ventilation alone. Simplified mathematical models were engaged to provide further insight into ventilation, air cleaning and deposition. It was shown that combining the above-mentioned ventilation and air cleaning can reduce aerosol particle concentrations with 80 to 90% , depending on aerosol size. This combination of existing ventilation supplemented with air cleaning is energy efficient and can also be applied for other indoor environments.
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Natural/forced-air ventilation performance highly depends on outdoor atmospheric composition and often becomes very expensive due to extra energy demand for air conditioning.
“In effect, natural/forced-air ventilation performance highly depends on outdoor atmospheric composition [4] and often becomes very expensive due to the extra energy demand for air conditioning.”
From A Microalgae Photobioreactor System for Indoor Air Remediation: Empirical Examination of the CO2 Absorption Performance of Spirulina maxima in a NaHCO3-Reduced Medium (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The Summary and conclusions report that incoming ventilation air contained low concentrations of aerosol particles, which partly reduced the ventilation system’s effectiveness in the gym. That supports an effect of outdoor air composition, but not the broader claim that natural and forced-air ventilation performance *highly depends* on it. The Discussion separately supports the sentence’s energy-cost point, noting that outdoor ventilation air often needs heating, cooling or dehumidifying. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Ou, C., Hu, S., Luo, K., Yang, H., Hang, J., Cheng, P., Hai, Z., Xiao, S., Qian, H., Xiao, S., et al. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108414 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Blocken, B., van Druenen, T., Ricci, A., Kang, L., van Hooff, T., Qin, P., Xia, L., Ruiz, C. A., Arts, J. H., Diepens, J. F. L., Maas, G. A., Gillmeier, S. G., Vos, S. B., & Brombacher, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Blocken, B.
- Venue
- Building and Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 193
- Pages
- 107659
- ISSN
- 0360-1323 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7860965
- OpenAlex
- W3127491251
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 29
- FWCI
- 23.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Building and Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
- Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › COVID-19 impact on air quality
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mechanical ventilation, air exchange rate, indoor air quality, aerosol deposition, CO2 concentration, COVID-19 pandemic
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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