Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze
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This work focuses on the size distribution of sneeze droplets exhaled immediately at mouth. Twenty healthy subjects participated in the experiment and 44 sneezes were measured by using a laser particle size analyser. Two types of distributions are observed: unimodal and bimodal. For each sneeze, the droplets exhaled at different time in the sneeze duration have the same distribution characteristics with good time stability. The volume-based size distributions of sneeze droplets can be represented by a lognormal distribution function, and the relationship between the distribution parameters and the physiological characteristics of the subjects are studied by using linear regression analysis. The geometric mean of the droplet size of all the subjects is 360.1 µm for unimodal distribution and 74.4 µm for bimodal distribution with geometric standard deviations of 1.5 and 1.7, respectively. For the two peaks of the bimodal distribution, the geometric mean (the geometric standard deviation) is 386.2 µm (1.8) for peak 1 and 72.0 µm (1.5) for peak 2. The influences of the measurement method, the limitations of the instrument, the evaporation effects of the droplets, the differences of biological dynamic mechanism and characteristics between sneeze and other respiratory activities are also discussed.
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Normal physiological respiratory activities such as sneezing, coughing, talking and even breathing expel particles into the local environment.
“The literature is replete with examples showing that normal physiological respiratory activities such as sneezing, coughing, talking and even breathing, expel particles into the local environment where individuals socialise and work [6–11].”
From The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Han, Z. Y., Weng, W. G., & Huang, Q. Y.
- Affiliations
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- Venue
- Journal of The Royal Society Interface
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2013-11-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 88
- Pages
- 20130560-20130560
- ISSN
- 1742-5662 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-5689
- PMC
- PMC3785820
- OpenAlex
- W2103114930
- Cited by
- 383
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of The Royal Society Interface (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51076073, 91024018)
- Tsinghua University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Infection Control and Ventilation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer
- Keywords
- sneezing, droplet size distribution, respiratory droplets, lognormal distribution, bimodal distribution, exhaled particles, droplet evaporation, respiratory physiology, airborne transmission
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aerosols, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Particle Size, Sneezing
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