Hypoxia-inducible factors regulate tumorigenic capacity of glioma stem cells
Open accessAbstract
Glioblastomas are lethal cancers characterized by florid angiogenesis promoted in part by glioma stem cells (GSCs). Because hypoxia regulates angiogenesis, we examined hypoxic responses in GSCs. We now demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor HIF2alpha and multiple HIF-regulated genes are preferentially expressed in GSCs in comparison to non-stem tumor cells and normal neural progenitors. In tumor specimens, HIF2alpha colocalizes with cancer stem cell markers. Targeting HIFs in GSCs inhibits self-renewal, proliferation, and survival in vitro, and attenuates tumor initiation potential of GSCs in vivo. Analysis of a molecular database reveals that HIF2A expression correlates with poor glioma patient survival. Our results demonstrate that GSCs differentially respond to hypoxia with distinct HIF induction patterns, and HIF2alpha might represent a promising target for antiglioblastoma therapies.
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Because HIF-2α is strongly expressed in NB tumor cell cytoplasm at physiological oxygen (5% O2), this may indicate additional cytoplasmic functions for HIF-2α independent of HIF-1β-dependent transcription, such as mRNA translation regulation.
“Since HIF-2α is strongly expressed in the cytoplasm of NB tumor cells at physiological oxygen levels (5% O2), this could suggest additional largely unexplored functions of HIF-2α in the cytoplasm, independent of HIF-1β-dependent transcription, such as regulation of mRNA translation [9,43].”
From Revisiting the HIF switch in the tumor and its immune microenvironment. (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn NB specimens, HIF-1α expression negatively correlates with blood vessel presence, indicating HIF-1α is expressed only in hypoxic cells.
“In NB clinical specimens, HIF-1α expression negatively correlates with the presence of blood vessels indicating that HIF-1α is expressed exclusively in hypoxic cells [43].”
From Revisiting the HIF switch in the tumor and its immune microenvironment. (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results section on HIF expression in glioma stem cells reports HIF-1α staining near regions of necrosis in human glioblastoma specimens and increased expression under severe hypoxia. It does not study NB clinical specimens, report a negative correlation with blood-vessel presence, or establish that HIF-1α is expressed exclusively in hypoxic cells. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHIF-2α is found in dense perivascular cell clusters with a neural crest-like, HIF-1α-negative phenotype, suggesting these cells are not hypoxic.
“However, HIF-2α is located in dense clusters of cells adjacent to blood vessels, referred to as the perivascular niche, which have a neural crest-like phenotype, and are HIF-1α negative, suggesting they are not hypoxic [43].”
From Revisiting the HIF switch in the tumor and its immune microenvironment. (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results section (page unavailable) reports HIF-2α-positive cells around proliferating blood vessels, supporting the perivascular location. It does not describe those cells as dense clusters with a neural crest-like phenotype or establish that they are HIF-1α-negative. The Discussion (page unavailable) cautions that tumor vasculature can be poorly functional and associated with hypoxia, so proximity to a vessel does not establish that the cells are not hypoxic. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPT2385 treatment had no effect on tumor growth, HIF target gene transcription, or chemotherapy response.
“However, treatment with PT2385 had no effect on tumor growth, did not impact transcription of HIF target genes and did not modulate chemotherapy response [43].”
From Revisiting the HIF switch in the tumor and its immune microenvironment. (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results describe HIF1α and HIF2α shRNA knockdown in glioma stem cells, not PT2385 treatment. Searches for PT2385 and chemotherapy response found no passage assessing the drug’s effects on tumor growth, HIF target-gene transcription, or chemotherapy response. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHIF-2α is an important transcription factor in cancer progression and leads to poor prognosis.
“Given that HIF-2α is an important transcription factor in cancer progression and leads to poor prognosis69,70”
From Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
Hypoxia was first shown to induce the cancer stem cell phenotype in glioma and subsequently in breast cancer, in a HIF-dependent manner.
“Hypoxia was first shown to induce the CSC phenotype in glioma [77] and, subsequently, in breast cancer [78, 79], in a HIF-dependent manner.”
From The hypoxic tumor microenvironment: A driving force for breast cancer progression (2016) · cites this paper as [77]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Li, Z., Bao, S., Wu, Q., Wang, H., Eyler, C., Sathornsumetee, S., Shi, Q., Cao, Y., Lathia, J., McLendon, R. E., Hjelmeland, A. B., & Rich, J. N.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rich, Jeremy N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 501-513
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2693960
- OpenAlex
- W2039075677
- Cited by
- 1,354
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 72 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 30.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 116659, R01CA116659, CA112958, R01CA129958)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K02NS047409, R01NS054276, NS054276, NS047409)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Keywords
- HIF-2α, glioma stem cells, glioblastoma, hypoxia, angiogenesis, self-renewal, tumor initiation, cancer stem cell markers, patient survival, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1, Animals, Brain Neoplasms, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Glioblastoma, Humans, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Nude, Neoplasm Transplantation, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Stem Cells, Biomarkers, Tumor, Neoplastic Stem Cells, Cell Hypoxia, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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