Hydrochars derived from plant biomass under various conditions: Characterization and potential applications and impacts

Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review

Alvira, P., Tomás-Pejó, E., Ballesteros, M., & Negro, M. J. (2010) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093 · Cited by 3,912

Biochar for environmental management: science and technology

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Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology

Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781849770552 · Cited by 2,324

Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent – A critical review

Mohan, D., Sarswat, A., Ok, Y. S., & Pittman, C. U. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.120 · Cited by 2,313

The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures

Yuan, J.-H., Xu, R.-K., & Zhang, H. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.018 · Cited by 2,029

Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering

Funke, A., & Ziegler, F. (2010) · Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining · doi:10.1002/bbb.198 · Cited by 2,001

Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: A comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis

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Positive and negative carbon mineralization priming effects among a variety of biochar-amended soils

Zimmerman, A. R., Gao, B., & Ahn, M.-Y. (2011) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.02.005 · Cited by 1,438

Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) increases with bio-char additions

Rondon, M. A., Lehmann, J., Ramírez, J., & Hurtado, M. (2007) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-006-0152-z · Cited by 1,333

Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars

Mukherjee, A., Zimmerman, A. R., & Harris, W. (2011) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.04.021 · Cited by 1,171

Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios

Spokas, K. A. (2010) · Carbon Management · doi:10.4155/cmt.10.32 · Cited by 1,160

Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory-produced black carbon (biochar)

Zimmerman, A. R. (2010) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es903140c · Cited by 1,103

Characterization of Slow Pyrolysis Biochars: Effects of Feedstocks and Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Properties

Kloss, S., Zehetner, F., Dellantonio, A., Hamid, R., Ottner, F., Liedtke, V., Schwanninger, M., Gerzabek, M. H., & Soja, G. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0070 · Cited by 1,014

Effects of feedstock type, production method, and pyrolysis temperature on biochar and hydrochar properties

Sun, Y., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Fang, J., Zhang, M., Zhou, Y., Chen, H., & Yang, L. (2014) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.081 · Cited by 854

Engineered Biochar Reclaiming Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions: Mechanisms and Potential Application as a Slow-Release Fertilizer

Yao, Y., Gao, B., Chen, J., & Yang, L. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es4012977 · Cited by 787

Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aqueous heavy metals: Batch and column tests

Xue, Y., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Inyang, M., Zhang, M., Zimmerman, A. R., & Ro, K. S. (2012) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.116 · Cited by 784

Characterization of Hydrochars Produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignin, Cellulose, d -Xylose, and Wood Meal

Kang, S., Li, X., Fan, J., & Chang, J. (2012) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/ie300565d · Cited by 732

Removal of lead from water using biochars prepared from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass

Liu, Z., & Zhang, F.-S. (2009) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.085 · Cited by 710

Hydrothermal Carbonization of Municipal Waste Streams

Berge, N. D., Ro, K. S., Mao, J., Flora, J. R. V., Chappell, M. A., & Bae, S. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es2004528 · Cited by 705

Synthesis of porous MgO-biochar nanocomposites for removal of phosphate and nitrate from aqueous solutions

Zhang, M., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Xue, Y., & Inyang, M. (2012) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.08.052 · Cited by 699

Screening biochars for heavy metal retention in soil: Role of oxygen functional groups

Uchimiya, M., Chang, S., & Klasson, K. T. (2011) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.063 · Cited by 678

Removal of arsenic, methylene blue, and phosphate by biochar/AlOOH nanocomposite

Zhang, M., & Gao, B. (2013) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.077 · Cited by 456

Sorption of heavy metals on chitosan-modified biochars and its biological effects

Zhou, Y., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A. R., Fang, J., Sun, Y., & Cao, X. (2013) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.07.036 · Cited by 443

Pyrolytic temperatures impact lead sorption mechanisms by bagasse biochars

Ding, W., Dong, X., Ime, I. M., Gao, B., & Ma, L. Q. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.042 · Cited by 443

Relationships between lignin contents and heating values of biomass

Demirbaş, A. (2001) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(00)00050-9 · Cited by 441

Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of corn stover

Fuertes, A. B., Arbestain, M. C., Sevilla, M., Maciá-Agulló, J. A., Fiol, S., López, R., Smernik, R. J., Aitkenhead, W. P., Arce, F., & Macias, F. (2010) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr10010 · Cited by 430

An Index-Based Approach to Assessing Recalcitrance and Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Engineered Black Carbons (Biochars)

Harvey, O. R., Kuo, L.-J., Zimmerman, A. R., Louchouarn, P., Amonette, J. E., & Herbert, B. E. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es2040398 · Cited by 429

Characterization and environmental applications of clay–biochar composites

Yao, Y., Gao, B., Fang, J., Zhang, M., Chen, H., Zhou, Y., Creamer, A. E., Sun, Y., & Yang, L. (2014) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.062 · Cited by 426

Hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobically digested maize silage

Mumme, J., Eckervogt, L., Pielert, J., Diakité, M., Rupp, F., & Kern, J. (2011) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.099 · Cited by 399

Synthesis, characterization, and dye sorption ability of carbon nanotube–biochar nanocomposites

Inyang, M., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A. R., Zhang, M., & Chen, H. (2013) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.074 · Cited by 375

Hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobically digested sludge for solid fuel production and energy recovery

Kim, D., Lee, K., & Park, K. Y. (2014) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.030 · Cited by 359

New vapour pressure measurements for argon and nitrogen and a new method for establishing rational vapour pressure equations

Wagner, W. (1973) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/0011-2275(73)90003-9 · Cited by 353

Production and characterization of synthetic wood chars for use as surrogates for natural sorbents

Brown, R. A., Kercher, A. K., Nguyen, T. H., Nagle, D. C., & Ball, W. P. (2006) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.10.008 · Cited by 345

Engineered carbon (biochar) prepared by direct pyrolysis of Mg-accumulated tomato tissues: Characterization and phosphate removal potential

Yao, Y., Gao, B., Chen, J., Zhang, M., Inyang, M., Li, Y. C., Ashok Kumar, A. L. V. A., & Yang, L. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.057 · Cited by 312

Phosphate removal ability of biochar/MgAl-LDH ultra-fine composites prepared by liquid-phase deposition

Zhang, M., Gao, B., Yao, Y., & Inyang, M. (2013) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.050 · Cited by 308

Synthesis, characterization, and environmental implications of graphene-coated biochar

Zhang, M., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Xue, Y., & Inyang, M. (2012) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.038 · Cited by 235

Hydrochar and Biochar Effects on Germination of Spring Barley

Bargmann, I., Rillig, M. C., Buss, W., Kruse, A., & Kuecke, M. (2013) · Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science · doi:10.1111/jac.12024 · Cited by 226

Effects of Biomass Feedstocks and Gasification Conditions on the Physiochemical Properties of Char

Qian, K., Kumar, A., V, Patil, K. N., Bellmer, D. D., Wang, D., Yuan, W. W., & Huhnke, R. L. (2013) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en6083972 · Cited by 224

Hydrothermal conversion of urban food waste to chars for removal of textile dyes from contaminated waters

Parshetti, G. K., Chowdhury, S., & Balasubramanian‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬, R. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.087 · Cited by 222

Sorption and cosorption of lead and sulfapyridine on carbon nanotube-modified biochars

Inyang, M., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A. R., Zhou, Y., & Cao, X. (2014) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2740-z · Cited by 198

Mobile organic compounds in biochar – A potential source of contamination – Phytotoxic effects on cress seed (Lepidium sativum) germination

Buss, W., & Mašek, O. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.045 · Cited by 191

Pelletization of biochar from hydrothermally carbonized wood

Reza, M. T., Lynam, J. G., Vasquez, V. R., & Coronella, C. J. (2012) · Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1002/ep.11615 · Cited by 186

Behavior of selected hydrolyzed and dehydrated products during hydrothermal carbonization of biomass

Reza, M. T., Wirth, B., Lüder, U., & Werner, M. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.010 · Cited by 166

Characterization of chars pyrolyzed from oil palm stones for the preparation of activated carbons

Guo, J. Y., & Lua, A. C. (1998) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/s0165-2370(98)00074-6 · Cited by 143

Sorption and cosorption of lead (II) and methylene blue on chemically modified biomass

Ding, Z., Hu, X., Zimmerman, A. R., & Gao, B. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.043 · Cited by 87

Invasive plants as feedstock for biochar and bioenergy production

Liao, R., Gao, B., & Fang, J. (2013) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.117 · Cited by 61

Biodegradation measurements confirm the predictive value of the O:C‐ratio for biochar recalcitrance

Bai, M., Wilske, B., Buegger, F., Bruun, E., Bach, M., Frede, H., & Breuer, L. (2014) · Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science · doi:10.1002/jpln.201300412 · Cited by 20

A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: Process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties

Wang, T., Zhai, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, C., & Zeng, G. (2018) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071 · Cited by 1,365

Biochar Amendment Improves Crop Production in Problem Soils: A Review

Yu, H., Zou, W., Chen, J., Chen, H., Yu, Z., Huang, J., Tang, H., Wei, X., & Gao, B. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.117 · Cited by 675

Minireview of potential applications of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of biomass

Fang, J., Zhan, L., Ok, Y. S., & Gao, B. (2017) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.026 · Cited by 633

Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Postcombustion CO 2 Capture: A Critical Review

Creamer, A. E., & Gao, B. (2016) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b00627 · Cited by 598

A review of the current knowledge and challenges of hydrothermal carbonization for biomass conversion

Heidari, M., Dutta, A., Acharya, B., & Mahmud, S. (2019) · Journal of the Energy Institute · doi:10.1016/j.joei.2018.12.003 · Cited by 464

Hydrothermal treatment of contaminated sorghum: Hydrochar properties and characterization/phytotoxicity evaluation of the liquid phase

Mehrez, K., Fryda, L. E., Djelal, H., Mercier, M., Wray, H. E., Kane, A., Leblanc, N., & Visser, R. (2025) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2025.117710 · Cited by 7

Production and characterization of hydrochars and their application in soil improvement and environmental remediation

Khosravi, A., Zheng, H., Liu, Q., Hashemi, M., Tang, Y., & Xing, B. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.133142 · Cited by 286

Hydrochars derived from sewage sludge: effects of pre-treatment with water on char properties, phytotoxicity and chemical structure

Breulmann, M., Schulz, E., van Afferden, M., Müller, R., & Fühner, C. (2017) · Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science · doi:10.1080/03650340.2017.1396318 · Cited by 27

Screening and characterization of thermally modified biowaste-derived hydrochars for slow-release fertilizer for alkaline soil reclamation

Sathish, K., & Saraswat, S. (2025) · Cleaner Waste Systems · doi:10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100257 · Cited by 2

Novel hydrochar as low-cost alternative adsorbent for the removal of noxious impurities from water

Suhas, S., Chaudhary, M., Tyagi, I., Chaudhary, S., Kushwaha, S., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99425-5.00018-9 · Cited by 3